Scatter plot of 2.5D measurements of the FHC from different views against 3D measurements of the FHC on patient group.

<p>Scatter plot of 2.5D measurements of the FHC from different views against 3D measurements of the FHC on patient group.</p

Hip²Norm Software.

<p>(A) Graphical user interface (left image) for digitizing landmarks for computerized evaluation of an AP radiograph of the pelvis. The inferior margins of the teardrops (red crosses), the outline of the projected anterior and posterior acetabular rim (blue and red line), and the middle of the sacrococcygeal joint (upper blue cross) and the upper border of the symphysis (lower blue cross) must be drawn manually, while the center and the radius of femoral head (pink cross) and acetabulum (green cross) are obtained by fitting a circle to three points specified by the user. (B) Anterior and posterior acetabular rims, and 2.5D measurements of FHC after neutralizing the pelvic position (right image).</p

DRRs with different amounts of pelvic tilt.

<p>(A) Schematic view of DRR by controlling the projection parameters. (B) AP view (0° of pelvic tilt). (C) T-10 oblique view (-10° of pelvic tilt). (D) T+10 oblique view (10° of pelvic tilt).</p

3D measurement of FHC.

<p>(A) The superior surface of the native femoral head (approximated with blue triangle meshes) and the opposing acetabular surface are major weight-bearing areas. (B) Cranial rim points of the acetabulum and the superior hemisphere are projected onto the axial plane to produce a circle and a curved line (the projected acetabular rim contour) cutting across it. (C) A topographical image on the axial plane represents the femoral head with its covered (green area) and uncovered (white area) parts. (D) The percentage of FHC is calculated as a ratio between the green area and the sum of the green and the white areas on the femoral head.</p

Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of the 2.5D measurement technique.

<p>Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of the 2.5D measurement technique.</p

Bias, precision and Pearson correlation coefficient between the 2.5D and the 3D measurements of FHC on both the control and the patient groups.

<p>Bias, precision and Pearson correlation coefficient between the 2.5D and the 3D measurements of FHC on both the control and the patient groups.</p

Bias, precision and Pearson correlation coefficient between 3D measurements of FHC and 2.5D measurements of FHC on the patient group using different oblique views.

<p>Bias, precision and Pearson correlation coefficient between 3D measurements of FHC and 2.5D measurements of FHC on the patient group using different oblique views.</p

Oxidative Damage and Mitochondrial Injuries Are Induced by Various Irrigation Pressures in Rabbit Models of Mild and Severe Hydronephrosis

<div><p>Objective</p><p>We aimed to study whether tolerance to irrigation pressure could be modified by evaluating the oxidative damage of obstructed kidneys based on rabbit models experiencing different degrees of hydronephrosis.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 66 rabbits were randomly divided into two experimental groups and a control group. In the experimental groups, the rabbits underwent a surgical procedure inducing mild (group M, n=24) or severe (group S, n=24) hydronephrosis. In each experimental group, the rabbits were then randomly divided into 4 subgroups (M0-M3 and S0-S3) consisting of 6 rabbits each. Group 0 received no perfusion. Groups 1 through 3 were perfused with 20, 60 and 100 mmHg fluid, respectively. For the control group, after a sham operation was performed, the rabbits were divided into 4 subgroups and were perfused with fluid at 0, 20, 60 or 100 mmHg of pressure. Kidney injuries was evaluated by neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL). Oxidative damage was assessed by analyzing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and peroxide (H₂O₂) levels, mitochondrial injuries was assessed by mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the mitochondrial ultrastructure and tubular cell apoptosis.</p><p>Results</p><p>In the experimental groups, all results were similar for groups 0 and 1. In group 2, abnormalities were observed in the S group only, and the kidneys of rabbits in group 3 suffered oxidative damage and mitochondrial injuries with increased NGAL, decreased Mn-SOD, GR and CAT,increased MDA and H₂O₂, lower levels of MMP, mitochondrial vacuolization and an increased apoptotic index.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In rabbits, severely obstructed kidneys were more susceptible to oxidative damage and mitochondrial injury than mildly obstructed kidneys when subjected to higher degrees of kidney perfusion pressure.</p></div

Ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria.

<p>A: Swollen and vacuolar mitochondria in rabbits with mild and severe hydronephrosis under different perfusion pressures (×10000), the arrows showed the swollen and vacuolar mitochondria. B: Percentage of swollen and vacuolar mitochondria in rabbits with mild hydronephrosis. C: Percentage of swollen and vacuolar mitochondria in rabbits with severe hydronephrosis. ▽p<0.05 compared with the M0 group. #p<0.05 compared with the S0 group. Ctrl: normal kidneys perfused with fluid at 20 mmHg, 60 mmHg and 100 mmHg. M0, M1, M2, and M3 represent rabbits with mild hydronephrosis subjected to perfusion pressure of 0 mmHg, 20 mmHg, 60 mmHg and 100 mmHg, respectively. S0, S1, S2, and S3 represent rabbits with severe hydronephrosis subjected to perfusion pressure of 0 mmHg, 20 mmHg, 60 mmHg and 100 mmHg, respectively.</p

Expression of NGAL in the kidneys perfused at different pressures in rabbits with mild and severe hydronephrosis.

<p>A: NGAL expression (×400), the brown fields in the cytoplasm represented NGAL expression. B: Immunostaining scores of NGAL with different perfusion pressure in mildly kidneys (M group). C: Immunostaining scores of NGAL with different perfusion pressure in severely obstructed kidneys (S group). The bars represent means±SE; ▽p<0.05 compared with the M0 group. #p<0.05 compared with the S0 group. Ctrl: normal kidneys perfused with 20 mmHg, 60 mmHg or 100 mmHg. M0, M1, M2, and M3 represent rabbits with mild hydronephrosis subjected to perfusion pressure of 0 mmHg, 20 mmHg, 60 mmHg and 100 mmHg, respectively. S0, S1, S2, S3 represent rabbits with severe hydronephrosis subjected to perfusion pressure of 0 mmHg, 20 mmHg, 60 mmHg and 100 mmHg, respectively.</p