Revisiting Question of Evaporation Mathematical Modeling Process

The methods of mathematical description of evaporation processes from light soils of the arid zone of Russia are discussed. The focus is on the evaporation of moisture from the aeration zone. The analysis of theoretical work in this area and the results of their practical implementation are presented. Mathematical models of evaporation are divided into two types: physical and mathematical, taking into account the interaction of moisture with the soil frame and phenomenological, based on balance relations with the use of ordinary differential equations. The analysis of the actual material on evaporation from light soils of the Privolzhskiy sands was carried out in the light of the theory of evaporation from the capillaries surface in the pore space, taking into account the diffusion and film movements of moisture. A semi-empirical model of moisture movement in the upper soil layers in the form of analytical formulas relating the evaporation rate to the physical state of the soil water was used to estimate the water loss during evaporation. Good agreement was obtained between the theoretical provisions on the capillary movement of moisture and the data on evaporation from the sandy soils of the steppe zone of Russia. Approximation of data on the precipitation falling dynamics during the year by semi-empirical dependencies in the form of analytical formulas determines their practical use in the work of agricultural producers

Cellular internalisation, bioimaging and dark and photodynamic cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles doped by {Mo₆I₈}⁴⁺ metal clusters

Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) doped by hexanuclear molybdenum cluster complexes [{Mo₆X₈}L₆]n (X = Cl, Br, or I; L = various inorganic or organic ligands) have been recently suggested as materials with a high potential for biomedical applications due to both the outstanding photoluminescent properties and the ability to efficiently generate singlet oxygen upon photoirradiation. However, no studies were undertaken so far to prove this concept. Therefore, here we examined the potential of photoluminescent SNPs doped by {Mo₆I₈}⁴⁺ for such applications as bioimaging and photodynamic therapy using human epidermoid larynx carcinoma (Hep-2) cell line as a model. Our results demonstrated both: (i) significant luminescence from cells with internalised molybdenum cluster doped SNPs combined with the low cytotoxicity of particles in the darkness and (ii) significant cytotoxicity of the particles upon photoirradiation. Thus, this research provides strong experimental evidence for high potential of molybdenum cluster doped materials in such biomedical applications as optical bioimaging, biolabeling and photodynamic therapy

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF THE RUSSIAN PENSION SYSTEM

Objective: This article examines he potential and resources available within the pension framework, highlighting the key financial mechanisms supporting individuals during times of job cessation or facing significant life risks.Methods: The study employs a social-dynamic approach, analyzing the components and financial strategies of the pension system through extensive forecasting and systemic analysis.Results: The study advocates for the adoption of a social-dynamic approach to evaluate and enhance the financial capabilities integral to the pension infrastructure. The concept and categorization of the resources and services within the pension scheme are introduced by the author. The analysis reveals that discrepancies and inconsistencies in understanding the pension framework's composition and fiscal strategies lead to operational flaws, conflicts, and instability.Conclusion: The study concludes that a revised pension framework must be adopted, emphasizing a hybrid model that incorporates both contributory and capital-funded schemes. This model should enhance the resilience of the pension system, ensuring its capability to meet the demands of current and future retirees and stabilize the financial foundation of the pension provision

Timing and space usage are disrupted by amphetamine in rats maintained on DRL 24-s and DRL 72-s schedules of reinforcement

RATIONALE: A differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule (DRL) delivers reinforcement only when the interresponse time (IRT) exceeds a fixed time interval, thereby shaping rats to discriminate the timing of their responses. However, little is known about the motor behavior and location of the rats in the chamber during the IRTs that lead to reinforcement. Although amphetamine is known to disrupt DRL timing behavior, the effects of this drug on non-operant motor behavior during DRL performance has not yet been quantified. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to measure the motor behavior (movement trajectories in the horizontal plane and spatial location in the plane) during longer IRT’s after either vehicle or amphetamine treatment. METHOD: Experimental chambers were constructed with a force-plate actometer as the floor, and while performing the operant task, the rats’ motor behaviors were measured continuously with high temporal and spatial resolution. Separate groups of 8 male Sprague Dawley rats were maintained on either DRL 24-s or DRL 72-s schedules of water reinforcement in 4-hr recording sessions. RESULTS: Analyses of IRT distributions showed that the rats’ timing behavior conformed to their respective DRL requirements. In the absence of drug, analysis of motor behavior in pre-reinforcement intervals showed that rats located themselves away from the operandum, and exhibited very low levels of movement. Rats exhibited a significant temporal diminution of horizontal movement that reached a minimum 4–8 s before the rats moved to the operandum to execute operant responses. Amphetamine treatment increased locomotion, abolished the temporal movement gradient, and brought the rats closer to the operandum compared to vehicle treatment. Movement changes induced by amphetamine were accompanied by degraded timing behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the data show that DRL training induced rats to locate themselves away from the operandum and to remain nearly motionless during longer IRTs, and that amphetamine treatment interfered with this complex of behavioral features

Russia's Refusal of GMO Use in the Food Industry: Problems and Prospects under the Conditions of Economic Sanctions

The article represents the authors` attempt to analyze the situation connected with the recent statement of the Russian Federation on refusal from the use of genetically modified products in the food industry. Taking into account the different opinions on this issue, the work studies the causes of transgenic technologies spread in world agriculture and the factors contributing to it. Our study also evaluates the related possible risks for Russia. The authors conclude that even a complete rejection in connection with the use of genetically modified products in food production does not guarantee the security of Russia’s food market. The study focuses on some factors which, according to the authors, are creating strategic opportunities for Russia's refusal to use GMOs. Their position might be of possible interest here in relation to economic sanctions imposed against Russia, according to which, it is sanctions that have largely created the economic, political and legal conditions for adopting the decision not to use GMOs in food products. Welcoming this decision, the authors make predictions regarding its potential prospects. The paper also shows the role and importance of GMOs prohibition in achieving a number of socio-economic goals of the Russian state. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s5p34

Bioindication of Surface Water of Fish Ponds and Streams for the Dynamics of Phosphatase Activity in Hepatopancreas of Aquatic Organisms

Bioindication allows monitoring the ecological state of rivers and ponds. It is the mechanism of the environmental effect on aquatic organisms that the dynamics of interior parameters makes it possible to determine the type of the effect, single emergency or retrospective, even if the environmental damage to surface waters was caused a long time ago. Due to this, the efficiency of taking timely measures to clean toxic water is high. The use of the dynamics of phosphatase activity in hepatopancreas of Unio pictorum mollusks as a test reaction is true to present the picture of pollution. In a case of short-term pollution by household or agricultural wastewater, an increase in the activity of phosphatase in the hepatopancreas of mollusks by 1.5 units/g of protein after 12 hours and by 0.8 units/g of protein after 18 hours was noted, etc. As a result of studies, test responses of mollusks allowed graphs to be constructed to determine the toxicity of the environment. They are proposed for preventive work to identify contamination of fish ponds and streams used for watering of farm animals

Analysis of Supply Chain Policy Effects on Employment and Unemployment in the Republic of Tatarstan

Abstract- The development of the Russian model of the labor market and its individual elements and supply chain strategy is described by a number of Russian and foreign scholars. Its main meaning is in the weak sensitivity of quantitative indicators of employment and unemployment to the dynamics of production, and over-adaptability and extreme wage flexibility. The Republic of Tatarstan has a fairly high level of employment, which conceals a significant heterogeneity of jobs. One consequence of this is the high poverty of educated people with jobs. Despite the fact that the Russian labor legislation prescribes a kind of “standard†of employment, involving a permanent employment contract and full-time work, market reforms significantly diversifiedtypes of employment. Formally, deviations from the prescribed standard are allowed only in special cases that are listed in the legislation. However, in a short time, various deviations from both the “standard†itself and the list of allowed exceptions became spread in the labor market in the Republic of Tatarstan. This led to the emergence of atypical forms of employment: unofficial, part-time, overtime, temporary. Such forms of employment facilitate a real adjustment of the supply and demand in the Tatarstan labor market. The paperconsiders the approaches to a comprehensive economic and statistical analysis of employment and unemployment in the Republic of Tatarstan in the conditions of their diversification in the new economic order

Research on Features of the Product Development Process I n Supply Chain Management in Russia: Assessment, Trends, and Prospects

Abstract— Designing products to match the processes and supply chains, processes to match product platforms and supply chains, and supply chains to match the product platforms and process are they ingredients in today's fast developing markets. In the course of the study the following results were achieved: assessment of trends in the development of wine production from the supply chain management retrospective at the national and international levels was done. Market of grape wine, wine products, as well as champagnes and sparkling wines in the Russian Federation were studied through the supply chain management for wine production process from supplier to costumer. The structure of the wine sales in Russia by types was evaluated and positive and negative tendencies in development of modern Russian winemaking were formed. Results showed that supply chain system in wine industry of Russia can overcome the difficulties of import and export in this country. In conclusion, a specific list of measures that need to be implemented at the state level to ensure a sustainable trend in the development of the domestic wine industry was defined

Research of parameters of the steam boiler BKZ-220-100 at joint burning of natural gas and low-grade fuel

In this article the research of prospects of use of low-grade brown coal of the Talovsky Deposit of the Tomsk region as fuel for local power is carried out. The study is carried out by checking calculations of the steam boiler BKZ-220-100. The result of the study is to obtain data on the parameters of the boiler during the combustion of brown talovsky coal as the main fuel, as well as in a mixture with natural gas or Kuznetsk coal