Pengaruh Konsentrasi Subletal Deltametrin terhadap Nutrisi dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Padi

Increasing the reproductive capacity through increasing plant growth and nutrition is one plausible mechanism of resurgence. This research was intended to determine the effect of deltamethrin on plant vigor and nutrition contents. The experiment was carried out outdoor. The treatments tested were deltamethrin (50 ppm), buprofezin (100 ppm), and control (water). Insecticide applications were applied one time (at age 26 d or 50 d) and two times (at age 26 and 50 d). Deltamethrin applications as many as two times did not increase the total chlorophyll and the photosynthesis rate, nutrients (total nitrogen, total protein, total sugar, total reducing sugar at aged 26 d, and sucrose), growth (plant height and number of tillers), and yield (number of panicles). However, application of deltamethrin at aged 26 d increased the amount of asparagine. Asparagine is known to be associated with the feeding rate of Nilaparvata lugens stimulation. Therefore, increasing level of asparagine after application of deltamethrin at sublethal concentration was considered as one of the factors that might be involved in the mechanism of N. lugens resurgence.Salah satu mekanisme resurjensi adalah peningkatan reproduksi hama melalui peningkatan nutrisi dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk melihat pengaruh deltametrin terhadap kandungan nutrisi dan vigor tanaman. Pengujian dilakukan di lapangan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah deltametrin 50 ppm, buprofezin 100 ppm, dan kontrol (air). Aplikasi insektisida dilakukan satu kali masing-masing pada umur tanaman 26 dan 50 hst dan dua kali pada umur 26 dan 50 hst. Aplikasi deltametrin sebanyak dua kali tidak meningkatkan total klorofil dan laju fotosintesis, nutrisi (total nitrogen, total protein, total gula, total gula reduksi pada 26 hst, dan sukrosa) kecuali asparagin, pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman dan jumlah anakan), dan hasil (jumlah malai) tanaman. Oleh karena asparagin berperan sebagai pemacu laju makan Nilaparvata lugens, maka peningkatan kadar asparagin tanaman setelah aplikasi konsentrasi subletal deltametrin diduga sebagai salah satu faktor yang terlibat dalam mekanisme resurjensi N. lugen

Susceptibility of the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia Furnacalis, to Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxin CRY1AC

The larval susceptibility of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to a Bacillus thuringiensis protein (Cry1Ac) was evaluated using insect feeding bioassays. The founding population of O. furnacalis was originally collected from the experimental station of UGM at Kalitirto and had been reared in the laboratory for three generations using an artificial diet “InsectaLf”. The tested instars were exposed on diets treated with a series of concentrations of Cry1Ac for one week. The LC50 values on the seventh day after treatment for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were 7.79, 21.12, 113.66, and 123.17 ppm, respectively, showing that the higher the instars the lesser the susceptibility to Cry1Ac. When the neonates were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cry1Ac (0.0583, 0.116, and 0.5830 ppm), growth and development of the surviving larvae were inhibited. The fecundity and viability of females produced from treated larvae decreased with increasing the concentrations. These findings indicate that Cry1Ac is toxic to larva of O. furnacalis and has chronic effects to larvae surviving from Cry1Ac ingestion. Kepekaan larva penggerek batang jagung Asia, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), terhadap protein Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac diuji dengan metode celup pakan. Larva berasal dari pertanaman jagung di KP-4, UGM di Kalitirto dan telah dikembangbiakkan di laboratorium menggunakan pakan buatan (InsectaLF) selama tiga generasi sebelum digunakan untuk pengujian. Larva O. furnacalis yang diuji dipaparkan pada pakan buatan yang telah dicelupkan pada seri konsentrasi Cry1Ac. Nilai LC50 pada hari ketujuh setelah perlakukan untuk instar 1, 2, 3, dan 4 berturut-turut adalah 0,79; 21,12; 113,66; dan 123,17 ppm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa instar yang semakin tinggi tingkat kepekaannya terhadap Cry1Ac semakin menurun. Larva yang baru menetas dan diberi pakan yang telah dicelupkan pada konsentrasi sublethal Cry1Ac sebagian akan mati, sedangkan larva yang hidup pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya terhambat. Fekunditas dan vialibitas serangga betina hasil dari larva yang diperlakukan dengan Cry1Ac menurun. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Cry1Ac toksik terhadap larva O. furnacalis dan juga mempunyai efek kronik terhadap larva yang tetap hidup setelah memakan toksin

Pola Sebaran Kelompok Telur Ostrinia Furnacalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pada Beberapa Fase Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung (Zea Mays L.)

A field study was conducted to determine the distribution of egg masses of Ostrinia furnacalis on corn leaves and within corn field. The corn field was divided into three regions: the inner edge closed to other crops and outer edge closed to main road and the middle region. The numbers of egg masses laid were recorded entirely in all corn plants existed (census method). Egg laying period lasted for 34 days, with 11 days from initiation of egg laying to the peak of oviposition and 23 days from the peak to termination of egg laying. The egg masses laid on corn leaves were distributed in aggregation pattern. During eight-opened-leaf to twelve-opened-leaf stages, there were 847 egg masses found, and 80.9% was laid on the sixth-to-ninth leaves. From tasseling to blister stages there were 491 egg masses found of which approximately 80.7% was laid on the seventh-to-11 32.8, and 29.8% of those were found in the inner edge, middle, and outer edge of corn field, respectively. leaves. Egg masses laid within corn field varied, in which 37.4, 32.8, and 29.8% of those were found in the inner edge, middle, and outer edge of corn field, respectively. Kajian lapang dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui pola sebaran peletakan kelompok telur ngengat Ostrinia furnacalis pada daun tanaman jagung dan penyebarannya pada lahan pertanaman jagung. Lahan penelitian dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu lahan pinggir dalam berdekatan dengan pertanaman lain, bagian tengah lahan, dan lahan pinggir luar berdekatan dengan jalan raya. Pengamatan kelompok telur dilakukan pada seluruh tanaman jagung (sensus). Periode peletakan telur berlangsung selama 34 hari, dengan periode inisiasi hingga puncak 11 hari dan periode setelah puncak hingga akhir peletakan telur 23 hari. Peletakan telur O. furnacalis pada daun tanaman jagung menyebar secara berkelompok. Pada fase 8 hingga 10 daun telah terbuka sempurna ditemukan sebanyak 847 kelompok telur, 80,9% diantaranya ditemukan pada daun ke 6–9. Pada fase VT (bunga jantan) hingga fase R2 (bunga betina telah kering) ditemukan sebanyak 491 kelompok telur, 80,7% diantaranya ditemukan pada daun 7–11. Penyebaran kelompok telur pada bagian lahan terjadi secara berkelompok. Jumlah kelompok telur tertinggi berturut-turut dari bagian lahan pinggir dalam, bagian tengah lahan, dan bagian lahan pinggir luar masing-masing 37,4; 32,8; dan 29,8%

Detection Survey of Khapra Beetle in Stored Agricultural Products in Central Java

Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Celeoptera: Dermestidae) entered Central Java together with importation of stored products four decades ago. A survey was conducted to detect whether the Kaphra beetle existed in Central Java after they had been fumigated during commodity arrival. If the Kaphra beetle is absent, the data could be treated as the starting point toward declaring a pest free area (PFA) of Kaphra beetle in Central Java. The survey employed the procedure established in Australia, except this survey lasted for 11 months starting from April 2008 to February 2009. Insect traps (Trécé Incorporation, Oklahoma, USA) were placed in eight sites distributed in six districts identified as high risk for Kaphra beetle. The traps were substituted following the label. The traps were checked every 2–4 weeks making the total observations varying from 18–24 times, except one site (eight times). No Kaphra beetle was observed during this detection survey. This finding strongly suggests that Kaphra beetle is not present in Central Java. Survey should be continued to collect data sufficient to declare PFA of Kaphra beetle. KumbangKhapra,Trogoderma granarium Evert (Celeoptera;Dermestidae) masuk ke Jawa Tengah bersama sama dengan produk impor empat dekade lalu. Survei deteksi ini dilakukan untuk mendeteksi apakah kumbang Kaphra masih ada di Jawa Tengah setelah dilakukan fumigasi sejak kedatangannya. Jika kumbang Kaphra sudah tidak ada, data tersebut digunakan sebagai langkah awal penetapan area bebas hama (Pest FreeArea/PFA) kumbang Kaphra di JawaTengah. Survei menggunakan prosedur yang telah ditetapkan di Australia, yang dilakukan selama 11 bulan mulai April 2008 hingga Februari 2009. Perangkap serangga (produk dari Trécé Incorporation, Oklahoma, USA) diletakkan di delapan tempat yang tersebar di enam Kabupaten/kota yang diidentifikasi sebagai daerah berisiko tinggi terhadap keberadaan kumbang Kaphra. Perangkap diganti dengan interval waktu dua bulan, dan diamatisetiap 2–4 minggu. Jumlah observasi mencapai kisaran 18–24 kali, kecuali di satu gudang (delapan kali). Kumbang Kaphra tidak ditemukan selama survei deteksi berlangsung. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kumbang Kaphra tidak ada di Jawa Tengah. Survei perlu dilanjutkan untuk memperoleh data sampai memenuhi untuk persyaratan penetapan PF

Pewarisan Ketahanan Penyakit Tungro Pada Galur Padi OBSTG02-28

Tungro is the most important viral disease of rice plant, caused by two types of viruses, namely Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) and Rice Tungro Spherical Virus (RTSV), transmitted by green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens. Planting resistant varieties proved effective in preventing the occurrence of tungro disease explosion, but the availability of tungro virus resistant varieties are still limited. To determine the best breeding strategy, genetic inheritance model for resistance to tungro disease needs to be studied especially the gene action and the number of genes controlling resistance. For this study, variety TN1 was crossed with OBSTG02-28 to produce F1, F1R, BC1-1, BC1-2, and F2. All crosses were inoculated with tungro virus and visual symptoms of the disease were observed, followed with the ELISA test. Scoring of the disease and ELISA test showed that the resistance of OBSTG02-28 was controlled by two complementary genes with a ratio of 9:7. The additive-dominant of gene action model fitted for the inheritance of resistant gene with additive gene action. The narrow sense heritability was considered high; therefore, selection for gene resistance to tungro disease could be conducted in the early generations

Resurjensi Serangga Hama Karena Perubahan Fisiologi Tanaman dan Serangga Sasaran Setelah Aplikasi Insektisida

The use of insecticides at sub-lethal dosage may induce insect resurgence. Factors contributing the insect resurgence include mortality of natural enemies, mass migration, improvement in plant nutrition, or increase in insect reproductive capacity which works individually or in combinations. This article provides a comprehensive review from recent publications, particularly those dealing with the impact of insecticide applications on plant nutrition and insect reproduction, and function to upgrade our knowledge since most publications in Indonesia were made in the 1980s. The insecticides together with its metabolites and conjugates could function as plant growth regulators, increase absorption, improve the nutritional content, influence the biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the plant, or protect the plant from stresses. An increase in the nutritional value of the plant would increase feeding rate, fecundity, and longevity of the insects. Furthermore, insecticides could also directly stimulate the reproductive capacity of the insect. All of these impacts might end up in increasing the population of insect after application of certain insecticides. Research findings related to the elucidation on the mechanism underlying the phenomenon of resurgence could be used in considering the registration of new insecticides or extension of the existing insecticides. Salah satu dampak penggunaan insektisida khususnya pada dosis subletal adalah timbulnya resurjensi serangga hama. Resurjensi serangga hama dapat terjadi melalui mekanisme berkurang/matinya musuh alami, migrasi massal, peningkatan nutrisi tanaman, atau stimulasi langsung reproduksi serangga (hormoligosis), dimana masing-masing faktor bekerja sendiri atau kombinasi.Tulisan tentang resurjensi di Indonesia banyak dipublikasikan pada tahun 1980-an.Tulisan inimerupakan formulasi hasil penelitian terbaru tentang resurjensi, khususnya terkait dengan faktor tanaman dan serangga sasaran. Insektisida, metabolitnya ataupun konjugat yang terbentuk dalam tanaman dapat memacu pertumbuhan tanaman (plant growth regulator), memacu serapan hara, meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi tanaman, memengaruhi aspek ultrastruktural dan biokimia tanaman, atau sebagai pelindung stres tanaman. Insektisida juga dapat berperan langsung sebagai stimulan reproduksi serangga. Nutrisi tanaman akan mempengaruhi laju makan, keperidian, dan lama hidup (longevity) imago, yang pada akhirnya akan menuju pada resurjensi serangga hama. Hasil-hasil penelitian terbaru tentang mekanisme resurjensi serangga hama dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam pendaftaran insektisida baru

Kendali Ketahanan Genetik Padi Terhadap Penyakit Tungro

Genetic study of resistant to rice tungro disease was carried out in Indonesian Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Bogor. TN1 rice variety was used as susceptible parent and OBSTG02-124 line as resistant parent. Cross combinations between resistant vs susceptible parents obtained 6 crosses. The study materials consisted of 55 plants of susceptible parent (P1) and 35 plants of resistant parents (P2), 70 F1 plants, 70 F1R plants, 100 BC1-1 plants, 100-BC1-2 plants, and 300 F2 plants. The probable maternal effect was identified by comparing resistant to tungro disease of F1 plants vs. the F1 of their reciprocal crosses, using the t-test. Each population was planted in pot containing 5 kg of soil. Plants were inoculated at 7-10 days old with virus tungro isolate Subang, using 4-5 green leafhoppers for 5 hours. Visual symptoms were observed based on the Standard Evaluation System for Rice. ELISA test (non Precoated I-ELISA) was performed at 21 days after inoculation, using polyclonal antibodies RTSV (S) and the combined RTBV and RTSV (BS). The results showed that there was no maternal effect on the inheritance of tungro disease resistance. The resistant to tungro in OBSTG02-124 was controlled by two complementary recessive genes. The moderate heritability indicated that the environment play role in determining the degree of resistant to tungro desease

Resistance Level of Plutella Xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Cypermethrin in the Regency of Kupang

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the major pests of the Brassicaceae family. Presently, farmers mostly use insecticide to control this pest. The improper use of insecticide, however, may lead to target pest resistance. Resistance to pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticide cases have been widely reported. This research aimed to know whether the farmers use cypermethrin based on the recommended practices and to determine the resistance level of P. xylostella collected from Tarus, Noelbaki, Oesao and Pukdale Villages collected from the Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, which were then compared to the population of Cangkringan (Sleman, Yogyakarta) as a susceptible population. The survey showed that these four locations in Kupang, used insecticides intensively and did the mixing of two or three insecticides. Insecticide application in these four locations was mostly not scheduled as recommended on the label of insecticides. The susceptibility test showed that the RR (resistance ratio) value from Kupang (Tarus = 9.2, Noelbaki = 7.2, Oesao 7.3, and Pukdale = 3.8, respecively) was higher than susceptible population (Cangkringan = 1.0). Therefore, P. xylostella larvae collected from Kupang has been resistant to cypermethrin. IntisariPlutella xylostella L. merupakan salah satu hama utama pada tanaman Famili Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Pengendalian dengan insektisida masih menjadi andalan petani di lapangan. Dampak negatif dari insektisida seperti resistensi, resurgensi dan munculnya hama sekunder tidak membuat efek jera karena minimnya pengetahuan tentang dampak negatif tersebut. Resistensi terhadap golongan piretroid sudah banyak dilaporkan. Salah satunya sipermetrin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat cara penggunaan insektisida oleh petani dan tingkat kepekaan dari populasi lapang asal Tarus, Noelbaki, Oesao, dan Pukdale (Kupang, NTT) dibandingkan dengan populasi Cangkringan (Sleman, DIY) terhadap insektisida sipermetrin. Data survei tentang cara penggunaan insektisida oleh petani diketahui bahwa penggunaan insektisida di keempat lokasi tersebut cukup intensif dan terjadi pencampuran insektisida yang tidak kompatibel. Penyemprotan dilakukan secara rutin di Desa Tarus; di Desa Noelbaki dan Oesao ada yang secara rutin dan ada yang kondisional; sedangkan penyemprotan secara kondisional di Desa Pukdale. Data uji kepekaan menunjukkan bahwa P. xylostella asal Kupang telah resisten terhadap sipermetrin dengan nilai RR (rasio resistensisi) tertinggi dari populasi Tarus (9,2), Noelbaki (7,2), Oesao (7,3), Pukdale (3,8) dibandingkan dengan populasi peka asal Cangkringan