Table_1_Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable esophageal cancer: A review.docx

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, especially in China. Despite therapeutic advances, the 5-year survival rate of EC is still dismal. For patients with resectable disease, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in combination with esophagectomy is the mainstay of treatment. However, the pathological complete response (pCR) rate to nCRT of 29.2% to 43.2% is not satisfactory, and approximately half of the patients will develop either a locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis. It is, therefore, necessary to explore novel and effective treatment strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of treatment. Immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has significantly changed the treatment paradigm for a wide variety of advanced cancers, including EC. More recently, increasing clinical evidence has demonstrated that neoadjuvant immunotherapy can potentially improve the survival of patients with resectable cancers. Furthermore, accumulating findings support the idea that chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy can activate the immune system through a variety of mechanisms, so a combination of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with immunotherapy can have a synergistic antitumor effect. Therefore, it is reasonable to evaluate the role of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for patients with surgically resectable EC. In this review, we discuss the rationale for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with EC, summarize the current results of utilizing this strategy, review the planned and ongoing studies, and highlight the challenges and future research needs.</p

MOESM1 of Heterologous production of levopimaric acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used in this study. Table S2. Primers used for cassettes construction in this study. Figure S1. Construction of gene expression cassettes and yeast strains

Two new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the leaves and twigs of <i>Ochrosia borbonica</i>

<p>Two new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, ochrobonines A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), together with five known compounds (<b>3–7</b>), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of <i>Ochrosia borbonica</i>. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic method, and the absolute configuration of compound <b>3</b> was first established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> represent a rare class of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids that with a 2-[1-(3-ethylpiperidin-4-yl)vinyl]-3-methyl-1<i>H</i>-indole skeleton.</p

Comparison of the fraction of diseased individuals when <i>κ</i> = 0 and <i>κ</i> = 0.5 ((a),(b)).

<p>Different color lines stand for different community size c in the network. Furthermore, we also illustrate the incidence difference <i>ϕ</i>_{<i>i</i>,<i>j</i>} between community <i>C</i>_<i>i</i> and community <i>C</i>_<i>j</i> for different parameter <i>κ</i> in panel (c). The network size of two layers both are 1000. We fix the other two parameters as: <i>β</i> = 0.3, <i>γ</i> = 0.2.</p

CTGF and TGF-β expression in the more than 1.0 year group.

<p>(A) The CTGF expression in the deep stroma (arrow); and (B) the TGF-β expression in the deep stroma (arrow). <b>Scale bar 20 µm.</b></p

Example of the three types of sentences.

<p>Example of the three types of sentences.</p

Comparison of the results of our method and two baselines.

<p>Comparison of the results of our method and two baselines.</p

Evaluation of morphological changes in patients with bullous keratopathy.

<p>Significant differences were found between the more than 1.0 year group and the less than 1.0 year group (*, P<0.05), including (A) corneal stromal scar grading, (B) the number of new vessels per high-power field, and (C) the number of inflammatory cells per high-power field.</p

Comparison of the final incidence <i>ρ</i>^<i>I</i> of diseases for two types of multiplex networks.

<p>NM corresponds to the case that the contact network is randomly connected in SIR-IC, while CM corresponds to contact networks with community structure. The results for different activation rate <i>κ</i> are shown in four subplots, respectively. For all cases, <i>γ</i> = 0.2, <i>N</i> = 1000.</p

Fraction of final incidence of disease as a function of the infectivity parameter <i>β</i>, for different values of parameter <i>κ</i>.

<p>Other parameters set as: <i>γ</i> = 0.2, the community size of epidemic spreading layer ranges from 10 to 96.</p