The effect of patch size (K), dispersal probability and dispersal strategy (S_B, S_N) on coefficient of relatedness after 20 generations.

<p>Different strategies S_B and S_N are represented by circles and diamond symbols, respectively. Small patch sizes (<i>K</i> = 10) are depicted with open symbols and big patch sizes (<i>K</i> = 100) with filled symbols.</p

Schematic representation of the breeding <i>S</i>_<i>B</i> and natal dispersal strategy <i>S</i>_<i>N</i>.

<p>Under <i>S</i>_<i>B</i> reproduction takes place before and after dispersal with a fraction 1-<i>t</i>_<i>E</i> of offspring allocated to the natal patch and a fraction <i>t</i>_<i>E</i> to the target patch. In contrast, under <i>S</i>_<i>N</i> all reproduction always takes place either in the natal patch (with probability 1-<i>p</i>) or in the target patch (with probability <i>p</i>). In both scenarios dispersing individuals carry a certain mortality risk <i>μ</i> during dispersal—in case of mortality individuals will not reproduce in the target patch.</p

Exemplary change in the proportion (S_B/(S_B+S_N)) of individuals with the breeding dispersal strategy over time during evolutionary tournaments.

<p>(a) Scenario with small patch size (<i>K</i> = 10) and (b) scenarios with large patch size (<i>K</i> = 100); environmental variability σ = <i>K</i> in all cases. Black and grey lines represent density-dependent (<i>DD</i>) and density-independent (<i>DI</i>) emigration scenarios, full and dashed lines represent mortalities <i>μ</i> = 0.001 and 0.5, respectively.</p

The effect of patch capacity <i>K</i> and dispersal strategy on evolved mean dispersal as a function of dispersal mortality,<i>μ</i>(log scale).

<p>(a) Density-independent (<i>DI</i>) scenario and (b) density-dependent (<i>DD</i>) scenario. Filled circles and diamonds represent small patches (<i>K</i> = 10) and empty circles and diamonds big patches (<i>K</i> = 100). Diamonds indicate natal dispersal (<i>S</i>_<i>N</i>), circles breeding dispersal (<i>S</i>_<i>B</i>). Other parameter values: environmental variability (<i>σ</i> = <i>K</i>)) and fecundity (<i>λ</i> = 2).</p

The effect of environmental variance (<i>σ</i>)), patch capacity (<i>K</i>) and dispersal costs (<i>μ</i>) on evolved dispersal rates.

<p>Density-independent (DI) dispersal (graphs a,c) and density-dependent (DD) dispersal (graphs b,d). Small carrying capacity (<i>K</i> = 10, graphs a,b) and big carrying capacity (<i>K</i> = 100, graphs c,d). Empty symbols (<i>σ</i> = 0) and filled symbols (<i>σ</i> = K). Diamonds and circles stand for S_N and S_B respectively.</p

Number of recorded incomplete and complete flights for the two different hives and the classification of complete flights in short-range and long-range flights.

Number of recorded incomplete and complete flights for the two different hives and the classification of complete flights in short-range and long-range flights.</p

Flight trajectories of bees that were displaced after their first re-orientation flight.

All bees were from hive 1 and were released successively at two sites that were in different directions from the hive. The first flight (red) shows the first re-orientation flight, the second (green) and third (blue) flights are the ones after displacement. The inset displays for all figures the color coding of the sequence of flights. The release sites after displacement are marked by squares, and the filled squares on flight paths are the positions given by radar (usually every three seconds). The location of the hive is marked by the triangle.</p

Size of a searching area from Information use during movement regulates how fragmentation and loss of habitat affect body size

The formula defining the size of a searching area is explained

Supplementary material part 7 from Information use during movement regulates how fragmentation and loss of habitat affect body size

Understanding outcome of model with P=50, H=1 and uninformed movement. In order to better understand the outcome of the model, an extra type of simulation was run (see discussion)

Runtime per simulation from Information use during movement regulates how fragmentation and loss of habitat affect body size

An overview of runtime per simulation is given