Additional file 2: of Frequency and impact of confounding by indication and healthy vaccinee bias in observational studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review

Search strategy for the systematic review on frequency and impact of selection bias in observational studies on influenza vaccine effectiveness. (DOCX 21 kb

Additional file 3: of Frequency and impact of confounding by indication and healthy vaccinee bias in observational studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review

List of excluded studies. (DOCX 147 kb

Supplementary document for Hi speed, high power 2D beam steering for mitigation of optomechanical parametric instability - 5676994.pdf

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Low birth weight (<2,500 g) and subsequent risk of overweight.

<p>ORs for overweight in subjects with birth weights <2,500 g as compared with subjects with birth weights ≥2,500 g. Studies are ordered alphabetically by first author. The point estimate <i>(center of each black square)</i> and the statistical size <i>(proportional area of square)</i> are represented. Horizontal lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. The pooled odds ratio <i>(diamond)</i> was calculated by means of a random effects model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p

High speed, high power 2D beam steering for mitigation of optomechanical parametric instability in gravitational wave detectors

In this paper we propose a novel strategy to control optomechanical parametric instability (PI) in gravitational wave (GW) detectors, based on radiation pressure. The fast deflection of a high power beam is the key element of our approach. We built a 2D deflection system based on a pair of acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) that combines high rapidity and large scan range. As fast frequency switching configurable AOM driver we used an Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) combined with a high performance personal computer (PC). In this way we demonstrate a 2D beam steering system with flat efficiency over the whole scan range and with a transition time of 50 ns between two arbitrary consecutive deflection positions for a beam power of 3.6 W

Birth Weight and Long-Term Overweight Risk: Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis Including 643,902 Persons from 66 Studies and 26 Countries Globally

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Overweight is among the major challenging health risk factors. It has been claimed that birth weight, being a critical indicator of prenatal developmental conditions, is related to long-term overweight risk. In order to check this important assumption of developmental and preventive medicine, we performed a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis.</p> <h3>Methods and Findings</h3><p>Relevant studies published up to January 2011 that investigated the relation between birth weight and later risk of overweight were identified through literature searches using MEDLINE and EMBASE. For meta-analysis, 66 studies from 26 countries and five continents were identified to be eligible, including 643,902 persons aged 1 to 75 years. We constructed random-effects and fixed-effects models, performed subgroup-analyses, influence-analyses, assessed heterogeneity and publication bias, performed meta-regression analysis as well as analysis of confounder adjusted data. Meta-regression revealed a linear positive relationship between birth weight and later overweight risk (<em>p</em><0.001). Low birth weight (<2,500 g) was found to be followed by a decreased risk of overweight (odds ratio (OR) = 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59–0.76). High birth weight (>4,000 g) was associated with increased risk of overweight (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.55–1.77). Results did not change significantly by using normal birth weight (2,500–4,000 g) as reference category (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.63–0.84, and OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.45–1.77, respectively). Subgroup- and influence-analyses revealed no indication for bias/confounding. Adjusted estimates indicate a doubling of long-term overweight risk in high as compared to normal birth weight subjects (OR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.43–2.67).</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings demonstrate that low birth weight is followed by a decreased long-term risk of overweight, while high birth weight predisposes for later overweight. Preventing <em>in-utero</em> overnutrition, <em>e.g.</em>, by avoiding maternal overnutrition, overweight and/or diabetes during pregnancy, might therefore be a promising strategy of genuine overweight prevention, globally.</p> </div

Birth weight and later risk of overweight: sensitivity and confounder analyses^*.

<p>Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval</p>*<p>random-effects model</p

High birth weight (>4,000 g) and subsequent risk of overweight.

<p>ORs for overweight in subjects with birth weights >4,000 g as compared with subjects with birth weights ≤4,000 g. Studies are ordered alphabetically by first author. The point estimate <i>(center of each black square)</i> and the statistical size <i>(proportional area of square)</i> are represented. Horizontal lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. The pooled odds ratio <i>(diamond)</i> was calculated by means of a random effects model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p

Relationship between birth weight and risk of overweight.

<p>Continuous relation between birth weight and later risk of overweight, calculated by fractional polynomial regression. Studies are represented by black dots. Grey shading indicates the 95% confidence interval around the fitted line. The model was estimated from a robust regression model based on second-order fractional polynomial (−1, −0.5) functions weighted by/variance.</p

Additional file 1: of Use of existing systematic reviews for evidence assessments in infectious disease prevention: a comparative case study

Case study A: flow chart for the systematic literature search and study selection. (DOCX 87 kb