Heparin-Like Properties of Sulfated Alginates with Defined Sequences and Sulfation Degrees

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans have a vast range of protein interactions relevant to the development of new biomaterials and pharmaceuticals, but their characterization and application is complicated mainly due to a high structural variability and the relative difficulty to isolate large quantities of structurally homogeneous samples. Functional and versatile analogues of heparin/heparan sulfate can potentially be created from sulfated alginates, which offer structure customizability through targeted enzymatic epimerization and precise tuning of the sulfation degree. Alginates are linear polysaccharides consisting of β-d-mannuronic acid (M) and α-l-guluronic acid (G), derived from brown algae and certain bacteria. The M/G ratio and distribution of blocks are critical parameters for the physical properties of alginates and can be modified in vitro using mannuronic-C5-epimerases to introduce sequence patterns not found in nature. Alginates with homogeneous sequences (poly-M, poly-MG, and poly-G) and similar molecular weights were chemically sulfated and structurally characterized by the use of NMR and elemental analysis. These sulfated alginates were shown to bind and displace HGF from the surface of myeloma cells in a manner similar to heparin. We observed dependence on the sulfation degree (DS) as well as variation in efficacy based on the alginate monosaccharide sequence, relating to relative flexibility and charge density in the polysaccharide chains. Co-incubation with human plasma showed complement compatibility of the alginates and lowering of soluble terminal complement complex levels by sulfated alginates. The sulfated polyalternating (poly-MG) alginate proved to be the most reproducible in terms of precise sulfation degrees and showed the greatest relative degree of complement inhibition and HGF interaction, maintaining high activity at low DS values

Image_4_Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response.eps

<p>Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.</p

Table_1_Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response.xls

<p>Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.</p

Image_5_Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response.eps

<p>Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.</p

Image_7_Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response.eps

<p>Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.</p

Table_2_Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response.xls

<p>Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.</p

Table_3_Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response.xls

<p>Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.</p

Image_3_Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response.tiff

<p>Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.</p

Cytokine Profiles in Human Metapneumovirus Infected Children: Identification of Genes Involved in the Antiviral Response and Pathogenesis

<div><p>Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causes severe airway infection in children that may be caused by an unfavorable immune response. The nature of the innate immune response to hMPV in naturally occurring infections in children is largely undescribed, and it is unknown if inflammasome activation is implicated in disease pathogenesis. We examined nasopharynx aspirates and blood samples from hMPV-infected children without detectable co-infections. The expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes were measured in nasal airway secretions by relative mRNA quantification while blood plasma proteins were determined by a multiplex immunoassay. Several genes were significantly up-regulated at mRNA and protein level in the hMPV infected children. Most apparent was the expression of the chemokine IP-10, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 in addition to the interferon inducible gene ISG54. Interestingly, children experiencing more severe disease, as indicated by a severity index, had significantly more often up-regulation of the inflammasome-associated genes IL-1β and NLRP3. Overall, our data point to cytokines, particularly inflammasome-associated, that might be important in hMPV mediated lung disease and the antiviral response in children with severe infection. Our study is the first to demonstrate that inflammasome components are associated with increased illness severity in hMPV-infected children.</p></div

Expression of inflammasome-associated genes in nasopharyngeal aspirates from controls or children infected with hMPV genotype A2 or B2.

<p>Relative levels of A) IκBα, B) IL-1β, C) IL-18 and D) NLRP3 mRNA expression. Data was plotted as box-plots where the box represents 50% of the values, the horizontal line indicates the median, whiskers show the maximum and minimum values, and the closed circles indicate outliers. Asterisk indicates statistical significant difference (P<0.05, ANOVA test).</p