Additional file 2: of The effectiveness of e-& mHealth interventions to promote physical activity and healthy diets in developing countries: A systematic review

Risk of bias assessment using the CONSORT checklist. (DOCX 32 kb

An evaluation of web- and print-based methods to attract people to a physical activity intervention

Background: Cost-effective and efficient methods to attract people to Web-based health behavior interventions need to be identified. Traditional print methods including leaflets, posters, and newspaper advertisements remain popular despite the expanding range of Web-based advertising options that have the potential to reach larger numbers at lower cost. Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of multiple Web-based and print-based methods to attract people to a Web-based physical activity intervention. Methods: A range of print-based (newspaper advertisements, newspaper articles, letterboxing, leaflets, and posters) and Web-based (Facebook advertisements, Google AdWords, and community calendars) methods were applied to attract participants to a Web-based physical activity intervention in Australia. The time investment, cost, number of first time website visits, the number of completed sign-up questionnaires, and the demographics of participants were recorded for each advertising method. Results: A total of 278 people signed up to participate in the physical activity program. Of the print-based methods, newspaper advertisements totaled AUD $145, letterboxing AUD$135, leaflets AUD $66, posters AUD$52, and newspaper article AUD $3 per sign-up. Of the Web-based methods, Google AdWords totaled AUD$495, non-targeted Facebook advertisements AUD $68, targeted Facebook advertisements AUD$42, and community calendars AUD $12 per sign-up. Although the newspaper article and community calendars cost the least per sign-up, they resulted in only 17 and 6 sign-ups respectively. The targeted Facebook advertisements were the next most cost-effective method and reached a large number of sign-ups (n=184). The newspaper article and the targeted Facebook advertisements required the lowest time investment per sign-up (5 and 7 minutes respectively). People reached through the targeted Facebook advertisements were on average older (60 years vs 50 years, P<.001) and had a higher body mass index (32 vs 30, P<.05) than people reached through the other methods. Conclusions: Overall, our results demonstrate that targeted Facebook advertising is the most cost-effective and efficient method at attracting moderate numbers to physical activity interventions in comparison to the other methods tested. Newspaper advertisements, letterboxing, and Google AdWords were not effective. The community calendars and newspaper articles may be effective for small community interventions. ClinicalTrial: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614000339651; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=363570&isReview=true (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6hMnFTvBt

Interest and preferences for using advanced physical activity tracking devices: results of a national cross-sectional survey

Objectives: Pedometers are an effective selfmonitoring tool to increase users' physical activity. However, a range of advanced trackers that measure physical activity 24 hours per day have emerged (eg, Fitbit). The current study aims to determine people's current use, interest and preferences for advanced trackers. Design and participants: A cross-sectional national telephone survey was conducted in Australia with 1349 respondents. Outcome measures: Regression analyses were used to determine whether tracker interest and use, and use of advanced trackers over pedometers is a function of demographics. Preferences for tracker features and reasons for not wanting to wear a tracker are also presented. Results: Over one-third of participants (35%) had used a tracker, and 16% are interested in using one. Multinomial regression (n=1257) revealed that the use of trackers was lower in males (OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.65), non-working participants (OR=0.43, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.61), participants with lower education (OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.72) and inactive participants (OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.70). Interest in using a tracker was higher in younger participants (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.58). The most frequently used tracker was a pedometer (59%). Logistic regression (n=445) revealed that use of advanced trackers compared with pedometers was higher in males (OR=1.67, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.79) and younger participants (OR=2.96, 95% CI 1.71 to 5.13), and lower in inactive participants (OR=0.35, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.63). Over half of current or interested tracker users (53%) prefer to wear it on their wrist, 31% considered counting steps the most important function and 30% regarded accuracy as the most important characteristic. The main reasons for not wanting to use a tracker were, 'I don't think it would help me' (39%), and 'I don't want to increase my activity' (47%). Conclusions: Activity trackers are a promising tool to engage people in self-monitoring a physical activity. Trackers used in physical activity interventions should align with the preferences of target groups, and should be able to be worn on the wrist, measure steps and be accurate

Additional file 1: of Should I sit or stand: likelihood of adherence to messages about reducing sitting time

How likelihood of adherence differs as a function of demographic, psychosocial and behavioural characteristics. (DOCX 18 kb

Cognitive status.

<p>Depiction of average cognitive profiles for all subject cohorts assessed in this study.</p

Cross-sectional results in the mid-sagittal corpus callosum.

<p>TBSS results across the sagittal midline for very mild and mild Alzheimer’s disease groups compared to controls.</p

Additional file 2: of Efficacy of interventions that use apps to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review

Search strategy used in the databases. (DOCX 32 kb

Additional file 1: of Efficacy of interventions that use apps to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review

Completed PRISMA checklist. (DOCX 77 kb

Longitudinal DTI assessment of Alzheimer's disease in the splenium.

<p>Baseline and 12 months versus controls comparisons are reported as Wilcoxon rank-sum Z-statistic values; paired longitudinal results are given as Wilcoxon signed-rank Z-statistic.</p><p>Significance levels: ^§0.01</p

Corpus callosum subdivision.

<p>Depiction of the semi-automated callosal subdivision into splenium, truncus and genu (top), and their intersection with the mean FA skeleton inferred from N = 69 subjects–N = 43 Alzheimer’s disease patients and N = 26 matched controls (bottom).</p