Study on Tin–Cobalt Bimetallic Phosphide Nanoparticles as a Negative Electrode of Sodium-Ion Batteries

Tin phosphide (Sn4P3) holds great promise because sodium-ion batteries use this material as an anode with impressive theoretical capacity. In this paper, it is reported that Co-doped Sn4P3 is embedded into carbon-based materials and SnCoP/C with a porous skeleton is prepared. As a result, SnCoP/C-2, as the material utilized in sodium-ion battery anodes, exhibits reversible capacities at 415.6, 345.9, and 315.6 mAh g–1 at current intensities of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 A g–1, respectively. The electrochemical reversibility, cycle stability, and rate performance of SnCoP/C samples are obviously better than those of Sn4P3/C. Cobalt in SnCoP/C stabilizes the conductive matrix of tin phosphide and promotes the diffusion kinetics of sodium. These results show that, with an appropriate amount of cobalt doping, highly dispersed nanoparticles can be formed in the tin phosphide matrix, which can significantly enhance the cycle stability of tin-based electrode materials

Percentage of genotypes at the V410L site detected per area across all areas.

Across all areas significant differences (Chi-square; P P (TIF)</p

Linkage disequilibrium between V410L and F1534C <i>kdr</i> genotypes in different operational areas of Harris County.

(DOCX)</p

Impact of genotype at the 410 site on female survival after Permanone 31–66 tests.

Estimated proportion of surviving females of Ae. aegypti by genotypes at the 410 site. There were highly significant differences in the proportion of surviving females among VV, VL and LL genotypes (P = 0.0037). The histogram shows the estimated proportions of surviving females ± CI, and different letters (a-b) above bars indicate differences in the proportions of surviving females (Fisher’s Exact Test). Numbers in the grey bars of the histogram are the surviving females, and the numbers above the histogram represent the number of dead females.</p

Linkage disequilibrium between V1016 and F1534C <i>kdr</i> genotypes in different operational areas of Harris County.

(DOCX)</p

Tri-locus VGSC genotypes at sites 410, 1016, and 1534 detected in <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> females of Harris County by operational area.

Tri-locus VGSC genotypes at sites 410, 1016, and 1534 detected in Ae. aegypti females of Harris County by operational area.</p

Proportion of <i>kdr</i> mutations in female mosquitoes shown by operational control area in Harris County.

The pie charts represent the genotypic frequencies for each of the kdr mutations detected in individual females of Ae. aegypti collected for the eight operational areas in Harris County, adapted from Hernandez et al. [21]. Proportions of the genotypes at the 410 site are in shades of yellow (LL, VL, VV), and those for the 1016 (II, VI, VV) and 1534 (CC, FC, FF) sites previously genotyped are represented by shades of red and blue, respectively. In each pie chart, the lightest color intensity represents the wild-type, susceptible genotypes (410 VV; 1016 VV; or 1534 FF) and the darkest color indicates the resistant genotype (410 LL; 1016 II; 1534 CC), with the intermediate color intensities corresponding to the heterozygotes (410 VL; 1016 VI; 1534 FC). For each area, the proportion of tri-locus homozygous resistant (LL/II/CC) females is shown in black, while the proportion of all other tri-locus genotypes at the 410, 1016, and 1534 genotypes are in white. The number of genotypes per area is indicated on the corresponding color on each pie chart. Survivorship data (Survival %) for each area (shown in columns below pie charts) by distance from the spray application [1) 7.62, 2) 15.24, 3) 22.86, and 4) 38.1 m] was previously reported [21] but is shown here for clarity. Map source: edited in QGIS v.3.22.1 software (www.qgis.org). The layers for county (Map service: Harris County boundary masked) (https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=a8aa2ef4067348c79ccea62857a2f623) and for Harris County operational area boundaries (MVCDOperational_Areas) (https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=87a4455991c146259cf6c2e2384e8b71) were created by Harris County Public Health and are publicly available. There are no special restrictions or limitations on the terms of use of the layers applied to this map.</p

Logistic regression analysis of the genotype at the 410 site (Panel A) and Tri-locus genotypes (Panel B) on survivorship.

(DOCX)</p

Female survival by tri-locus genotype (410, 1016 and 1534) and post position after Permanone 31–66 tests.

Post position refers to the placement of the posts within each distance, where post I is the closest to the beginning of the spraying and post III is the one closest to the ending of the spraying. (A) Post position I, (B) Post position II, and (C) Post position III. Numbers above each bar represent the genotyped mosquitoes that survived, and numbers in white within the black zones are the genotyped mosquitoes that died. Different letters (a-b) above bars indicate differences in the proportions of surviving females (Fisher’s Exact Test; P (TIF)</p

Sequences of primers used for detection of the <i>kdr</i> V410L in the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> VGSC.

Primers feature base pair mismatches introduced at the third base from 3’ end to increase allele specificity (italics); the diagnostic differential nucleotide is in bold, underlined [42].</p