Simultaneous Analysis of Six Polymethoxyflavones and Six 5‑Hydroxy-polymethoxyflavones by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and monohydroxylated polymethoxyflavones (OH-PMFs) exist exclusively in the citrus genus, particularly in citrus peels. Currently, due to the broad application of PMFs and OH-PMFs in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods, their identification and quantification will be of great significance and the first criteria to meet. We have developed a validated method with high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry. The method was fully validated in linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Six PMFs and their monohydroxyl counterparts, six 5-OH-PMFs, were simultaneous analyzed within 20 min for the first time. The LOD (limit of detection) and LOQ (limit of quantitation) were calculated as 0.02–0.23 and 0.05–0.76 μg/mL, respectively. The method was performed on the samples of acid treated citrus peel extracts. The citrus peel extracts with high content of PMFs and 5-OH PMFs may provide reliable and economical resources in biological activity studies and development of health beneficial products

An All-Photonic Molecule-Based D Flip-Flop

The photochromic fluorescence switching of a fulgimide derivative was used to implement the first molecule-based D (<i>delay</i>) flip-flop device, which works based on the principles of sequential logic. The device operates exclusively with photonic signals and can be conveniently switched in repeated cycles

An All-Photonic Molecule-Based Parity Generator/Checker for Error Detection in Data Transmission

The function of a parity generator/checker, which is an essential operation for detecting errors in data transmission, has been realized with multiphotochromic switches by taking advantage of a neuron-like fluorescence response and reversible light-induced transformations between the implicated isomers

Characterization of the Thermal and Photoinduced Reactions of Photochromic Spiropyrans in Aqueous Solution

Six water-soluble spiropyran derivatives have been characterized with respect to the thermal and photoinduced reactions over a broad pH-interval. A comprehensive kinetic model was formulated including the spiro- and the merocyanine isomers, the respective protonated forms, and the hydrolysis products. The experimental studies on the hydrolysis reaction mechanism were supplemented by calculations using quantum mechanical (QM) models employing density functional theory. The results show that (1) the substitution pattern dramatically influences the p<i>K</i>_a-values of the protonated forms as well as the rates of the thermal isomerization reactions, (2) water is the nucleophile in the hydrolysis reaction around neutral pH, (3) the phenolate oxygen of the merocyanine form plays a key role in the hydrolysis reaction. Hence, the nonprotonated merocyanine isomer is susceptible to hydrolysis, whereas the corresponding protonated form is stable toward hydrolytic degradation

Distribution of lengths of the assembled unigenes in wheat pericarps.

<p>Distribution of lengths of the assembled unigenes in wheat pericarps.</p

The expression differences of structural genes in the phenylalanine pathway.

<p>Arrow shows the metabolic stream, abbreviation left or upward arrows represent the genes catalyzing the progress, the light abbreviation means these genes were found in assembly unigenes, the number represent the in crease time of the expression in purple pericarp against white pericarp.</p

Summary statistics of functional annotation for unigenes.

<p>Summary statistics of functional annotation for unigenes.</p

Gene Ontology (GO) classifications of differentially expressed unigenes.

<p>Unigenes were assigned to three categories: cellular components, molecular functions and biological process.</p

The length of unigenes in Gy115 and reference genes relative to flavonoids biosynthesis.

<p>The length of unigenes in Gy115 and reference genes relative to flavonoids biosynthesis.</p

Summary of transcriptome sequencing data in the GY115 and Opata.

<p>Summary of transcriptome sequencing data in the GY115 and Opata.</p