A Review on Electric Vehicles Charging Strategies Concerning Actors Interests

Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular in societies and an important part of smart grids. Utility companies should be able to provide them with vital energy as they need electric energy instead of fuel, and this is where new challenges emerge in the network. In order to avoid causing utilities to incur additional energy and economic losses, researchers have proposed smart charging as a way to provide adequate energy to vehicles. When developing a charging schedule for a fleet of EVs, special considerations are made on variables such as energy, cost, and EVs milage. In this review paper, the importance of EVs integration into smart grids is studied, and then different methods to develop EVs charging scheduling are investigated. These methods can vary from optimization algorithms to learning-based, and game theory-based approaches. Then, as the considered system consists of three main actors, including EV users, the utility operator, and aggregators, a systematic review is conducted on these actors, and objectives related to each one are analyzed. Finally, research gaps related to the problem are studied. Researchers can use this review to conduct further research on the integration of EVs into smart grids

Investigation of Microgrid Hierarchical Control and Structure

This paper offers a literature review on different structures and control strategies of the microgrid. The implementation of a microgrid system provides significant advantages for both electric utility and end-users. Microgrid control is one of the most sophisticated parts of such implementations that must be taken into account before moving to the next steps. The different control objectives and structures of the main grid and microgrid lead to various control methods proposed for microgrids. The hierarchical structure is the most accepted method for microgrid control that has three levels including primary, secondary, and tertiary. The focus of this study will be on the main modes of typical microgrids, types of microgrid and how to control them. The investigation of this paper will give an overview to the readers, and in our next paper, we will focus more deeply on the subject, with a specific concentration on the concept of secondary control and corresponding trending methods.</jats:p

Effect of electrochemical oxidation and drug loading on the antibacterial properties and cell biocompatibility of titanium substrates

AbstractA combination of $${\text{ TiO}}_{2}$$ TiO 2 nanotube array (TON) and controlled drug release system is employed to provide enhanced surface properties of titanium implants. Electrochemical anodization process is used to generate TON for introducing, vancomycin, an effective antibacterial drug against Staphylococcusaureus. TON loaded vancomycin is then coated with a number of layers of 10% gelatin using spin coating technique. The gelatin film is reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to improve the surface bioactivity. The surface of the samples is characterized by field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and contact angle measurement. The results illustrate that the TON was constructed and vancomycin molecules are successfully loaded. The drug release study shows that the amount of released vancomycin is controlled by the thickness of gelatin layers. With an increase in gelatin film layers from 3 to 7, the release of vancomycin in the burst release phase decreased from 58 to 31%, and sustained release extended from 10 to 17 days. The addition of GO nanoparticles seems to reduce drug release in from 31 to 22% (burst release phase) and prolonged drug release (from 17 to 19 days). MTT assay indicates that samples show no cytotoxicity, and combination of GO nanoparticles with gelatin coating could highly promote MG63 cell proliferation. Soaking the samples in SBF solution after 3 and 7 days demonstrates that hydroxy apatite crystals were deposited on the TON surface with GO-gelatin coating more than surface of TON with gelatin. Moreover, based on the results of disc diffusion assay, both samples (loaded with Vancomycin and coated with gelatin and gelatin-GO) with the inhibition zones equaled to 20 mm show effective antibacterial properties against S. aureus. The evidence demonstrates that titania nanotube loaded with vancomycin and coated with gelatin-GO has a great potential for general applicability to the orthopedic implant field.</jats:p

A Review on Electric Vehicles Charging Strategies Concerning Actors Interests

Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular in societies and an important part of smart grids. Utility companies should be able to provide them with vital energy as they need electric energy instead of fuel, and this is where new challenges emerge in the network. In order to avoid causing utilities to incur additional energy and economic losses, researchers have proposed smart charging as a way to provide adequate energy to vehicles. When developing a charging schedule for a fleet of EVs, special considerations are made on variables such as energy, cost, and EVs milage. In this review paper, the importance of EVs integration into smart grids is studied, and then different methods to develop EVs charging scheduling are investigated. These methods can vary from optimization algorithms to learning-based, and game theory-based approaches. Then, as the considered system consists of three main actors, including EV users, the utility operator, and aggregators, a systematic review is conducted on these actors, and objectives related to each one are analyzed. Finally, research gaps related to the problem are studied. Researchers can use this review to conduct further research on the integration of EVs into smart grids.</jats:p