Effects of <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> MCC1849 on total IgA production in mice.

<p>(A) Mice were treated with or without MCC1849 for 5 weeks. Total IgA concentrations in homogenized small intestine and serum samples were determined via ELISA. (B) The proportions of IgA⁺ B220⁺ cells and IgA⁺ plasmablasts (IgA⁺ B220^- cells) in PPs were analyzed via FCM. (C) Gene expression related to the differentiation of IgA⁺ cells was measured via real-time RT-PCR analysis. The level of gene expression was normalized to that of GAPDH mRNA expression in the control group. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. N = 16. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared to the control.</p

Orally administered heat-killed <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> MCC1849 enhances antigen-specific IgA secretion and induces follicular helper T cells in mice

<div><p>Antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) A plays a major role in host defense against infections in gut mucosal tissue. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are located in germinal centers and promote IgA production via interactions with germinal center B cells. Several studies have demonstrated that some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains activate the host’s acquired immune system, inducing IgA secretion in the intestine. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of LAB on IgA production and Tfh cells are not fully resolved. <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> MCC1849 is a probiotic strain isolated from the intestine of a healthy adult. In this study, we investigated the effects of orally administered heat-killed MCC1849 on IgA production in the intestine and on Tfh cell induction <i>in vivo</i>. We found that orally administered MCC1849 induced antigen-specific IgA production in the small intestine, serum and lungs. We also observed that MCC1849 increased the proportion of IgA⁺ B cells and Tfh cells in Peyer’s patches (PPs). In addition, MCC1849 increased the gene expression of IL-12p40, IL-10, IL-21, STAT4 and Bcl-6 associated with Tfh cell differentiation. These results suggest that orally administered MCC1849 enhances antigen-specific IgA production and likely affects Tfh cell differentiation in PPs.</p></div

Effects of <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> MCC1849 on IL-12 production.

<p>Murine splenocytes were cultured with various heat-killed <i>Lactobacillus</i> strains (10 μg/ml) for 2 days. Data shown are the mean ± SD of the levels of IL-12p70 which are the representative of three independent experiments.</p

Effects of <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> MCC1849 on the population of T cells and gene expression in PP cells in OVA-immunized mice.

<p>(A) The proportion of Tfh cells (CD4⁺ CXCR5⁺ PD-1^high cells) and Th1 cells (CD4⁺ T-bet⁺ cells) in PPs were analyzed via FCM. (B) Gene expression related to T cell differentiation was measured via real-time RT-PCR analysis. The level of gene expression was normalized to that of GAPDH mRNA expression in the control group. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. n = 14. Data are representative two independent experiments. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared to the control.</p

Effects of <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> MCC1849 on the population of IgA-related cells in the intestinal tissues of OVA-immunized mice.

<p>(A, B and C) The proportion of IgA⁺ B220⁺ cells and IgA⁺ plasmablasts (IgA⁺ B220^- cells) in PP, MLN and LP cell samples were analyzed via FCM. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. N = 14. Data are representative two independent experiments. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared to the control.</p

Effects of <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> MCC1849 on total IgA and OVA-specific IgA production in OVA-immunized mice.

<p>(A, B) Mice were treated with or without MCC1849 for 5 weeks. All mice were orally immunized on days 14, 21, and 28 with OVA and cholera toxin. On day 35, mice were euthanized and dissected. Data show the total IgA and OVA-specific IgA concentrations in homogenized small intestine, small-intestine lavage fluid, homogenized colon, colon contents, serum and lung samples. AU: arbitrary unit. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. N = 14. Data are representative three independent experiments. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared to the control.</p

Table_1_Identification of the Effects of Chondroitin Sulfate on Inhibiting CDKs in Colorectal Cancer Based on Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Validation.pdf

With a high occurrence rate and high mortality, the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasingly attracting the attention of scholars. Hub genes that determine the phenotypes of CRC become essential for targeted therapy. In the present study, the importance of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) on the occurrence of CRC was identified by data mining of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The results showed that the gene expression levels of CDK1, CDK4, and CDK6 were obviously changed in different stages of CRC. Among the CDKs, CDK4 was suggested as an independent risk factor for CRC based on Cox analysis. Furthermore, chondroitin sulfate (CS), a kind of dietary supplement to treat osteoarthritis, was predicted to treat CRC based on its chemical structure and GEO datasets. Cell assay experiments with the human CRC cell line HCT-116 also verified this prediction. CS inhibited the gene and protein expression levels of CDKs and increased the ratios of apoptotic or dead HCT-116 cells by regulating mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Our data highlight the essential roles of CDKs in CRC carcinogenesis and the effects of CS on treating CRC, both of which will contribute to the future CRC treatment.</p

Image_1_Identification of the Effects of Chondroitin Sulfate on Inhibiting CDKs in Colorectal Cancer Based on Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Validation.pdf

With a high occurrence rate and high mortality, the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasingly attracting the attention of scholars. Hub genes that determine the phenotypes of CRC become essential for targeted therapy. In the present study, the importance of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) on the occurrence of CRC was identified by data mining of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The results showed that the gene expression levels of CDK1, CDK4, and CDK6 were obviously changed in different stages of CRC. Among the CDKs, CDK4 was suggested as an independent risk factor for CRC based on Cox analysis. Furthermore, chondroitin sulfate (CS), a kind of dietary supplement to treat osteoarthritis, was predicted to treat CRC based on its chemical structure and GEO datasets. Cell assay experiments with the human CRC cell line HCT-116 also verified this prediction. CS inhibited the gene and protein expression levels of CDKs and increased the ratios of apoptotic or dead HCT-116 cells by regulating mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Our data highlight the essential roles of CDKs in CRC carcinogenesis and the effects of CS on treating CRC, both of which will contribute to the future CRC treatment.</p

Additional file 11: of Age-related changes in gut microbiota composition from newborn to centenarian: a cross-sectional study

Taxa that are found in more than 50 % of the subjects in any cluster (shown in Additional file 8) with significantly difference between elderly 1 and elderly 2 clusters. (XLSX 859 kb

Additional file 5: of Age-related changes in gut microbiota composition from newborn to centenarian: a cross-sectional study

Network plot highlighting relationships between genera in nine CAGs. The colors of each node indicate the nine CAGs as shown in Fig. 3. Circle size indicates genus abundance. Pink and blue lines show significant positive and negative correlations between two bacterial genera with an absolute coefficient value greater than 0.3. (PDF 401 kb