A novel electrochemical sensor based on Co3O4-CeO2-ZnO multi metal oxide nanocomposite for simultaneous detection of nanomolar Pb2+ and Hg2+ in different kind of spices

Simultaneous and individual determination of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions were carried out based on the synergistic effect of Co3O4, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles into the carbon paste electrode. The morphology of synthesized nanocomposite (Co3O4-CeO2-ZnO) was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The voltammetric current has increased linearly by increasing the concentration of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions. The linear ranges of the Co3O4-CeO2-ZnO/CPE sensor were obtained 0.27-18.42 (for Pb2+ ions) and 0.42-31.30 nM (for Hg2+ ions), under optimum condition. The detection limits (3Sb/m) were obtained 0.054 nM for Pb2+ and 0.097 nM for Hg2+, respectively. The proposed electrochemical sensor acts as a sensitive and selective method for simultaneous determination of two heavy metal ions and shows excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 3%. Finally, Co3O4-CeO2-ZnO/CPE was successfully applied for the determination of Pb2+ and Hg2+ in different kind of spices

A comprehensive study on removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by using mesoporous SBA-15 functionalized by 1,5-diphenyl carbazide: experimental design, kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm aspects

In this study, a new adsorbent, which was synthesized by using SBA-15Santa Barbara Amorphous. modified with 1,5-diphenyl carbazide, was employed to extract cadmium (Cd) from aquatic systems. First, the sorbent was identified via various characterization techniques, and then the response surface methodology approach was applied for modeling and optimizing the adsorption performance of the sorbent. Under optimum conditions ($\mathrm{pH}=5.75$, an adsorbent dose of 4.55 mg, and a Cd concentration of 25.39 mg/L), an adsorption capacity of 160 mg/g was obtained. In addition, the sorption process was fast; it attained equilibrium in 25.39 min. Furthermore, the sorbent regenerated by nitric acid was reused without any significant loss of adsorption capacity. Finally, the experimental data were studied by different isotherm models and well described by the Langmuir model

A comprehensive study on removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by using mesoporous SBA-15 functionalized by 1,5-diphenyl carbazide: experimental design, kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm aspects

In this study, a new adsorbent, which was synthesized by using SBA-15Santa Barbara Amorphous. modified with 1,5-diphenyl carbazide, was employed to extract cadmium (Cd) from aquatic systems. First, the sorbent was identified via various characterization techniques, and then the response surface methodology approach was applied for modeling and optimizing the adsorption performance of the sorbent. Under optimum conditions ($\mathrm{pH}=5.75$, an adsorbent dose of 4.55 mg, and a Cd concentration of 25.39 mg/L), an adsorption capacity of 160 mg/g was obtained. In addition, the sorption process was fast; it attained equilibrium in 25.39 min. Furthermore, the sorbent regenerated by nitric acid was reused without any significant loss of adsorption capacity. Finally, the experimental data were studied by different isotherm models and well described by the Langmuir model

Study the absorption process of cadmium ions by Fe3O4/L-methionine/graphene oxide and graphene Aerogel nanocomposites from aqueous environments

In this research, the synthesis of L/Fe3O4-methionine and graphene oxide and graphene aerogel nanocomposites (Fe3O4/L-Met/GO, Fe3O4/L-Met, Fe3O4/L-Met/GA) was carried out. Then the structure of the synthesized nanocomposites was confirmed by FT-IR, FE-SEM and BET analyses. Then, the effect of different experimental parameters such as initial pH and contact time on the process of cadmium surface adsorption were investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of cadmium absorption (90%) occurred at Ph=6 by Fe3O4/L-Met/GA nano adsorbent. Therefore, the cadmium (Cd2+) absorption capacity by Fe3O4/L-Met/GA nanocomposite (212.31 mg/g) is higher than the cadmium (Cd2+) absorption capacity by Fe3O4/L-Met nanocomposites (201.23 mg/g). ) Obtained. Adsorption kinetics data showed excellent fit with pseudo-second-order models (R2>0.99) and Freundlich isotherm models.showed high adsorption capacity towards Cd2+ (212.31 mg/g), which was significantly higher than Fe3O4/L-Met (201.23 mg/g). Finally, adsorption kinetics, isotherm studies were investigated. Absorption data showed excellent fit with quasi-second order models (R2> 0.99) and Freundlich isotherm models

Preparation of Ionic Liquid-Silica Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Film Coated Porous Copper Wire for SolidPhase Microextraction of Pesticides from Tomato Samples

In this study, a new solid phase micro extraction (SPME)fiber coated by sol-gel technology based on polyethyleneglycol (PEG) grafted ionic liquids (ILs), and silicananoparticles (silica NPs) on a porous copper substratewas fabricated. The as-prepared fiber (PEG-ILs-silicaNPs) was then used to extract a variety of pesticides intomato samples before prior to their gas chromatographyflame ionization detection (GC-FID). The key parametersinfluencing extraction efficiency containing includingextraction time, stirring rate, extraction temperature, pH,ionic strength, and desorption temperature, and time wereinvestigated and optimized. The relative standarddeviations (RSDs) for single fiber repeatability rangedfrom 1.2 to 4.6% (n=6), and the RSDs for fiber-to-fiberreproducibility (n=6) were 3.3–6.8%, respectively. Theproposed method based on the PEG-ILs-silica NPs fiberwas successfully applied for the determination of targetedpesticides in tomato samples with good recoveries from89.8 to 103.5% (RSDs=2.1-6.9)

Determination of Residual Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Aqueous Sample Using Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A simple and sensitive solid-phase extraction method for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of four nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, indomethacin, diclofenac, and ibuprofen) using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide has been developed. For this purpose, the surface of MNPs was modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant. Effects of different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of drugs including the pH, amount of salt, shaking time, eluent type, the volume of solvent, amount of adsorbent, sample volume, and the time of desorption were investigated and optimized. Methanol has been used as desorption solvent and the extracts were analysed on a reversed-phase octadecyl silica column using 0.02 M phosphate-buffer (pH = 6.02) acetonitrile (65 : 35 v/v) as the mobile phase and the effluents were measured at 202 nm with ultraviolet detector. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the method was investigated at three concentrations (25, 50, and 200 ng/mL) and was in the range of 3.98–9.83% (n=6) for 50 ng/mL. The calibration curves obtained for studied drugs show reasonable linearity (R2>0.99) and the limit of detection (LODs) ranged between 2 and 7 ng/mL. Finally, the proposed method has been effectively employed in extraction and determination of the drugs in biological and environmental samples

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions