Percentage inhibition of MDA proliferation by proso millet extract.

<p>MDA cell (2.5×10⁴/mL) were incubated for 6 h to allow sufficient attachment. For the lower level treatment, the initial concentration for samples was 30 mg DW h to allow sufficient attachment. For the lower level treatment, the initial concentration for samples was 30 mg DW mg DW/mL, whereas the high concentration was 180 mg DW mg DW/mL. After 72 h of incubation, cell proliferation was determined by the methylene blue assay from the absorbance at 570 nm for each concentration compared to the control. Data were reported as mean h of incubation, cell proliferation was determined by the methylene blue assay from the absorbance at 570 nm for each concentration compared to the control. Data were reported as mean nm for each concentration compared to the control. Data were reported as mean ± SD for three replications.</p

Phenolic contents of proso millet.

<p>TPCs were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as the standard. Absorbance was read at 760 nm after 90 min of reaction. Results are expressed as mg gallic acid equivalnts nm after 90 min of reaction. Results are expressed as mg gallic acid equivalnts min of reaction. Results are expressed as mg gallic acid equivalnts/100 g DW. Analyses were conducted in triplicate, with mean values shown and standard deviation depicted by the vertical bars. Column marked by the same letter are not significantly different from each other g DW. Analyses were conducted in triplicate, with mean values shown and standard deviation depicted by the vertical bars. Column marked by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Carotenoid (xanthophyll, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin) content and distribution of proso millet varieties (mean±SD, n = 3).

<p>Values expressed as mg/100 g DW. Values with no letters in common within each column are significantly different (p<0.05); nd-not detected.</p

Antiproliferative activities of proso millet against MAD human breast cancer.

<p>The antiproliferative activities of proso millets against MAD cells are expressed as the median effective dose (EC₅₀). Values are based on triplicate tests, with mean values shown and standard deviation depicted by the vertical bars. Column marked by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Phenolic acid composition of three diverse varieties of proso millet.

<p>Values expressed as mg phenolic acid/100 g DW (mean±SD, n = 3). Percent contribution to total phenolic acid content is in parentheses. Values with no letters in common within each column are significantly different (p<0.05); nd-not detected.</p

Cellular antioxidant activity of proso millet.

<p>Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay is based on the ability of compounds to prevent the formation of DCF by 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP)-generated peroxyl radicals in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Values are based on triplicate tests, with mean values shown and standard deviation depicted by the vertical bars. Column marked by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (p<0.05).</p

PSC antioxidant activity of proso millet.

<p>Peroxyl radical scavenging capacity assay is based on the degree of inhabitation of dichlorofluorescin oxidation by antioxidants that scavenge peroxyl radicals, generated from thermal degradation of 2, 2′azobis (amidinopropane). The median effective concentration (EC₅₀) was defined as the dose required to cause a 50% inhibition for each sample extract. Results obtained for sample extract antioxidant activities were expressed as micromoles of vitamin C equivalents/100 g DW. Analyses were conducted in triplicate, with mean values shown and standard deviation depicted by the vertical bars. Column marked by the same letter are not significantly different from each other g DW. Analyses were conducted in triplicate, with mean values shown and standard deviation depicted by the vertical bars. Column marked by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Description of proso millet samples.

<p>Description of proso millet samples.</p

Antiproliferative activities of proso millet against HepG2 human liver cancer cells.

<p>The antiproliferative activity of proso millets against HepG2 cells is expressed as the median effective dose (EC₅₀), with a lower EC₅₀ value signifying a higher antiproliferative acitivity. Values are based on triplicate tests, with mean values shown and standard deviation depicted by the vertical bars. Column marked by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Percentage inhibition of HepG2 proliferation by proso millet extract.

<p>HepG2 cells (2.5×10⁴/mL) were incubated for 4 h to allow sufficient attachment. For the lower level treatment, the initial concentration for samples was 20 mg DW h to allow sufficient attachment. For the lower level treatment, the initial concentration for samples was 20 mg DW mg DW/mL, whereas the high concentration was 160 mg DW mg DW/mL. After 72 h of incubation, cell proliferation was determined by the methylene blue assay from the absorbance at 570 nm for each concentration compared to the control. Data were reported as mean h of incubation, cell proliferation was determined by the methylene blue assay from the absorbance at 570 nm for each concentration compared to the control. Data were reported as mean nm for each concentration compared to the control. Data were reported as mean ± SD for three replications.</p