Intercorrelations between current and lifetime PTSD severity scores with depression, anxiety and suicidality scores.

<p>Intercorrelations between current and lifetime PTSD severity scores with depression, anxiety and suicidality scores.</p

Military Data (male veterans, n = 51).

<p>Military Data (male veterans, n = 51).</p

Fitted PSS-I sum scores in the group of male veterans.

<p>The grey scale indicates the predicted symptom severity. Only those PSS-I values are plotted that lie in the convex hulls of the observed predictor values in both groups.</p

Additional file 1: of The impact of an exercise training intervention on cortisol levels and post-traumatic stress disorder in juveniles from an Ugandan refugee settlement: study protocol for a randomized control trial

Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Intervention Trials (SPIRIT) 2013 Checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents. (PDF 71 kb

The Scent of Blood: A Driver of Human Behavior?

<div><p>The scent of blood is potentially one of the most fundamental and survival-relevant olfactory cues in humans. This experiment tests the first human parameters of perceptual threshold and emotional ratings in men and women of an artificially simulated smell of fresh blood in contact with the skin. We hypothesize that this scent of blood, with its association with injury, danger, death, and nutrition will be a critical cue activating fundamental motivational systems relating to either predatory approach behavior or prey-like withdrawal behavior, or both. The results show that perceptual thresholds are unimodally distributed for both sexes, with women being more sensitive. Furthermore, both women and men’s emotional responses to simulated blood scent divide strongly into positive and negative valence ratings, with negative ratings in women having a strong arousal component. For women, this split is related to the phase of their menstrual cycle and oral contraception (OC). Future research will investigate whether this split in both genders is context-dependent or trait-like.</p></div

Women’s ratings of simulated blood scent.

<p>Box plot of women’s ratings of the valence of simulated blood scent according to whether they are taking contraception, and cycle stage (ovulation/non-ovulatory phase) of their menstrual cycle. Error bars represent +/-2 Standard deviations.</p

Probability density graph of SAM ratings.

<p>Simulated blood scent (‘blood’), butyric acid (‘butyric’), water, and floral odor (‘floral’), separated for gender. <b>a.</b> Arousal ratings. <b>b.</b> Dominance ratings. <b>c.</b> Valence ratings.</p

Butyric acid threshold.

<p>Distribution of butyric acid perceptual thresholds separated for gender. The solid line shows theoretical normality curve. Number 1 on the y-axis represents the original concentration, and each following represents a dilution of one half log 10 step, so higher values represent higher sensitivity.</p

Valence vs. arousal scatterplots of simulated blood scent.

<p>Scatterplots for women (left) and men (right) showing relationship between scent valence ratings and arousal. Three zero scores for the whole sample, are removed from this graph.</p

Simulated blood scent threshold.

<p>Distribution of simulated blood scent perceptual thresholds separated for gender. The solid line shows theoretical normality curve. Number 1 on the y-axis represents the original concentration, and each following represents a dilution of one half log 10 step, so higher values represent higher sensitivity.</p