Linear and Nonlinear Rheological Behavior of Fibrillar Methylcellulose Hydrogels

Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering recently have revealed that the well-known thermoreversible gelation of methylcellulose (MC) in water is due to the formation of fibrils, with a diameter of 15 ± 2 nm. Here we report that both the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic response of MC solutions and gels can be described by a filament-based mechanical model. In particular, large-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments show that aqueous MC materials transition from shear thinning to shear thickening behavior at the gelation temperature. The critical stress at which MC gels depart from the linear viscoelastic regime and begin to stiffen is well predicted from the filament model over a concentration range of 0.18–2.0 wt %. These predictions are based on fibril densities and persistence lengths obtained experimentally from neutron scattering, combined with cross-link spacings inferred from the gel modulus via the same model

Structure and Properties of Aqueous Methylcellulose Gels by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

Cold, semidilute, aqueous solutions of methylcellulose (MC) are known to undergo thermoreversible gelation when warmed. This study focuses on two MC materials with much different gelation performance (gel temperature and hot gel modulus) even though they have similar metrics of their coarse-grained chemical structure (degree-of-methylether substitution and molecular weight distribution). Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were conducted to probe the structure of the aqueous MC materials at pre- and postgel temperatures. One material (MC1, higher gel temperature) exhibited a single <i>almost</i> temperature-insensitive gel characteristic length scale (ζ_c = 1090 ± 50 Å) at postgelation temperatures. This length scale is thought to be the gel blob size between network junctions. It also coincides with the length scale between entanglement sites measured with rheology studies at pregel temperatures. The other material (MC2, lower gel temperature) exhibited two distinct length scales at all temperatures. The larger length scale decreased as temperature increased. Its value (ζ_c1 = 1046 ± 19 Å) at the lowest pregel temperature was indistinguishable from that measured for MC1, and reached a limiting value (ζ_c1 = 450 ± 19 Å) at high temperature. The smaller length scale (ζ_c2 = 120 to 240 Å) increased slightly as temperature increased, but remained on the order of the chain persistence length (130 Å) measured at pregel temperatures. The smaller blob size (ζ_c1) of MC2 suggests a higher bond energy or a stiffer connectivity between network junctions. Moreover, the number density of these blobs, at the same reduced temperature with respect to the gel temperature, is orders of magnitude higher for the MC2 gels. Presumably, the smaller gel length scale and higher number density lead to higher hot gel modulus for the low gel temperature material

Gelation, Phase Separation, and Fibril Formation in Aqueous Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Solutions

The thermoresponsive behavior of a hydroxy­propyl­methyl­cellulose (HPMC) sample in aqueous solutions has been studied by a powerful combination of characterization tools, including rheology, turbidimetry, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Consistent with prior literature, solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3 wt % exhibit a sharp drop in the dynamic viscoelastic moduli <i>G</i>′ and <i>G</i>″ upon heating near 57 °C. The drop in moduli is accompanied by an abrupt increase in turbidity. All the evidence is consistent with this corresponding to liquid–liquid phase separation, leading to polymer-rich droplets in a polymer-depleted matrix. Upon further heating, the moduli increase, and <i>G</i>′ exceeds <i>G</i>″, corresponding to gelation. CryoTEM in dilute solutions reveals that HPMC forms fibrils at the same temperature range where the moduli increase. SANS and SAXS confirm the appearance of fibrils over a range of concentration, and that their average diameter is ca. 18 nm; thus gelation is attributable to formation of a sample-spanning network of fibrils. These results are compared in detail with the closely related and well-studied methylcellulose (MC). The HPMC fibrils are generally shorter, more flexible, and contain more water than with MC, and the resulting gel at high temperatures has a much lower modulus. In addition to the differences in fibril structure, the key distinction between HPMC and MC is that the former undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation prior to forming fibrils and associated gelation, whereas the latter forms fibrils first. These results and their interpretation are compared with the prior literature, in light of the relatively recent discovery of the propensity of MC and HPMC to self-assemble into fibrils on heating