Rhazes, pionir koji je pridonio istraživanju u medicinskoj praksi

Medical history explains that Persian physicians used scientific methods based on clinical experiences and observations for treatment from pre-Islamic time (before 637 AD) and centuries later (in the Islamic era). Rhazes was one of the Persian physicians acknowledged as a pharmacist, chemist and prominent scientific writer on various subjects of medicine and philosophy. In this study, we aimed to investigate clinical experiences, as well as the ethical and critical views of Rhazes in medical practice. Rhazes promoted ethics in the medical profession. He expressed critical key points about ancient written texts. He broke ancient physicians’ taboos in medical theories and evaluated them based on his own experiences. He designed animal and preclinical evaluations for his theories and also performed the first clinical trials with control groups in the history. His critical views about medical sciences as well as his beliefs in experiments resulted in many medical, chemical and pharmaceutical findings. Therefore, in history, he can be considered as the pioneer in using trials and experiments for approving medical methods.Medicinska povijest pokazuje da su se perzijski liječnici služili znanstvenim metodama u liječenju, temeljenim na kliničkim iskustvima i promatranjima još od predislamskog vremena (prije 637. godine) i stoljećima poslije (u islamskom dobu). Rhazes je bio jedan od perzijskih liječnika priznat kao ljekarnik, kemičar i istaknuti znanstveni pisac o različitim temama iz medicine i filozofije. U ovom radu nastojali smo istražiti klinička iskustva, kao i etičke i kritičke stavove Rhazesa u medicinskoj praksi. Rhazes je promovirao etiku u medicinskoj struci. Iznio je kritične ključne točke o antičkim pisanim tekstovima. Srušio je drevne liječničke tabue u medicinskim teorijama i procijenio ih na temelju vlastita iskustva. Provodio je evaluacije za svoje teorije na životinjama i u predklinici te proveo i prva klinička ispitivanja s kontrolnim grupama u povijesti. Njegova kritička stajališta o medicinskim znanostima, kao i vjerovanje u eksperimente rezultirali su mnogim medicinskim, kemijskim i farmaceutskim otkrićima. Stoga se Rhazesa u povijesti može smatrati pionirom u korištenju ispitivanja i eksperimenata za odobravanje medicinskih metoda

The effect of coconut extract on callus growth and ultrasound waves on production of betulin and betulinic acid in in-vitro culture conditions of Betula pendula Roth species

To determine the effect of coconut extract on callogenesis of Betula pendula, Roth stem barks were cultured in NT (Nagata and Takebe) basic culture media in two individual experiments: i) cultivation explant in different treatments of coconut extracts combined with 1 mg l-1 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and ii) callogenesis in NT media containing 1.5 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg l-1 BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and then cultivation under the first experiment treatments. The first experiment demonstrated that not all concentrations of coconut extracts lead to callus induction individually, but callus induction increased 84% in a culture containing 5% coconut extract plus 1 mg l-1 2, 4-D. Based on the results of the second experiment, this treatment also significantly increased the wet and dry weights of the produced calluses. The possibility of increasing the betulinic acid and betulin by ultrasound was also studied. Samples cultivated in the selected culture medium were exposed to ultrasound waves in two forms of 1) one exposure and 2) twice exposure (repetition with 24 hr interval) in steps of 20, 60, 100, and 160 sec, and one treatment as the control. Betulin and the betulinic acid amount were determined using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The maximum betulinic acid and betulin were obtained in 100 sec in once exposure (2.3 mg g-1 DW) and 160 sec in the twice exposure (0.75 mg g-1 DW) to ultrasound. The results showed that betulinic acid content was more than betulin

Effect of light on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings (Case study: Korkrood forest, Mazandaran)

Hornbeam is the most frequent species in forests of northern Iran. This paper aims to study the relationship between gap size and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. For this purpose Khanikan district in Korkrood forest was selected in northern Iran. Four sizes of gap were selected based on silvicultural definitions including: area with less than 200 m², 200 to 500 m², 500 to 1000 m², and larger than 1000 m² and in each gap, 4 subplots each 2 m² were laid out. The current study was made in 2 phases: 1) study on light intensity using fish-eye camera, and 2) quantitative (including collar diameter and height) and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. The obtained result showed that the intensity of light changed between 2 and 70 percent in different gaps and different locations of the gaps. The number of hornbeam seedlings increased with a relative increase in the light intensity initially and then decreased. Collar diameter and height of seedlings didn’t show significant differences among different light intensities. The number of seedlings was reduced significantly in the gaps larger than 500 m2. The best qualitative condition and the maximum number of hornbeam seedlings were observed in the gaps smaller than 200 m2

گزارش نشست پژوهشگران و اساتید برجسته طب سنتی و تاریخ پزشکی ایران در مرکز تحقیقات کارآزمایی بالینی طب سنتی دانشگاه شاهد

Background and Aim: Interdisciplinary scientific meetings play an important role in facilitating the exchange of knowledge and experiences between researchers and professors across various fields. Such interactions not only enhance the overall scientific landscape but also pave the way for new advancements in specialized disciplines. In line with this objective, the scientific meeting of prominent researchers and professors of traditional Iranian medicine and history of medicine was held on November 14, 2023, hosted by the Clinical Trial Research Center of Shahed University, with the aim of promoting this knowledge and interdisciplinary interactions. This article highlights the key topics and discussions that emerged during the meeting. Methods: This article has been prepared based on firsthand reporting of the aforementioned meeting by the researchers and executives present. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed through direct observation, note-taking, audio recordings of lectures, and written documentation. Ethical Considerations: This report is based on a scientific meeting and does not involve human or animal experimentation. Ethical standards, including integrity and proper citation of scientific sources, have been observed. Results: In this meeting, several specialized panels were conducted, covering topics related to traditional Persian medicine texts, particularly Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi, as well as the findings of recent research in the field of herbal medicinal treatments for various diseases. The speakers highlighted the significance of interdisciplinary and international collaborations, and practical recommendations were proposed to enhance this field. Conclusion: The meeting was acknowledged as a platform for the exchange of knowledge and experiences in the field of traditional Persian medicine and medical history. The necessity of continuing such meetings to enhance the quality of traditional treatments and their alignment with modern scientific standards was emphasized.زمینه و هدف: نشست‌های علمی بین‌رشته‌ای نقش مهمی در تبادل دانش و تجربیات میان پژوهشگران و اساتید حوزه‌های مختلف ایفا می‌کنند. این تعاملات منجر به ارتقای سطح علمی و پیشرفت‌های نوین در حوزه‌های تخصصی می‌شود. در این راستا، نشست علمی پژوهشگران و اساتید برجسته طب سنتی ایران و تاریخ پزشکی با هدف ارتقای این دانش و تعاملات بین‌رشته‌ای، در تاریخ ۲۴ آبان ۱۴۰۲ به میزبانی مرکز تحقیقات کارآزمایی بالینی طب سنتی دانشگاه شاهد برگزار شد. در این مقاله به اهم موضوعات مطرح‌شده در این نشست می‌پردازیم. روش: این مقاله بر اساس گزارش‌گیری مستقیم از نشست فوق توسط محققین حاضر و دست‌اندرکاران اجرایی تهیه و اطلاعات به ‌صورت کیفی از طریق مشاهده مستقیم، یادداشت‌برداری، ضبط سخنرانی‌ها و مستندات نوشتاری گردآوری و تحلیل شده است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: این گزارش مبتنی بر یک نشست علمی بوده و شامل مداخلات انسانی یا حیوانی نمی‌باشد. در فرآیند تهیه مقاله، اصول اخلاق پژوهش شامل رعایت امانت علمی و استناد به منابع معتبر رعایت شده است. یافته‌ها: در این نشست، چندین پنل تخصصی برگزار شد که شامل مباحث مرتبط با متون طب سنتی، به ویژه کتاب ذخیره خوارزمشاهی و همچنین نتایج پژوهش‌های جدید در زمینه درمان‌های دارویی گیاهی برای بیماری‌های مختلف بود. سخنرانان بر اهمیت همکاری‌های بین‌رشته‌ای و بین‌المللی تأکید داشتند و پیشنهادات عملی برای تقویت این حوزه ارائه شد. نتیجه‌گیری: نشست به عنوان بستری برای تبادل دانش و تجربیات در حوزه طب سنتی و تاریخ پزشکی شناخته شد و بر ضرورت تداوم این‌گونه نشست‌ها برای بهبود کیفیت درمان‌های سنتی و انطباق آن‌ها با استانداردهای علمی مدرن تأکید گردید