fMRI results for own child > unfamiliar child contrast in brain regions of interest (n = 14).

a<p>Neurosynth term/function (<a href="http://www.neurosynth.org" target="_blank">www.neurosynth.org</a>).</p>b<p>Hemisphere: R, right, L, left.</p>c<p>Cluster size; number of contiguous voxels with p<0.01.</p>d<p>x, y, and z coordinates in MNI space.</p>e<p>Familywise error corrected at the cluster level.</p><p>All results significant at <i>p</i>< .05, cluster-level family-wise error correction.</p><p>There were no significant differences for the own dog vs. unfamiliar dog contrast.</p><p>fMRI results for own child > unfamiliar child contrast in brain regions of interest (n = 14).</p

Greater activation for own child (OC) vs. fixation cross (FX; a,b) and own dog (OD) vs. FX (c,d) contrasts in mothers who are dog owners (n = 14).

<p>Note the more extensive activation in (a) amygdala (coronal view) for the OC > FX compared to the OD > FX images (c). There is also activation in (b) SNi/VTA (axial view) for the OC > FX images that is not present in the OD > FX images (d). Activation is overlaid on SPM8 single subject T1 template. Other conventions the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107205#pone-0107205-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.</p

Participant Characteristics (n = 14).

<p>IQ  =  Weschler Test of Adult Reading Full Scale IQ.</p><p>LAPS  =  Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (higher score means greater level of attachment).</p><p>Participant Characteristics (n = 14).</p

fMRI results for the own child > fixation contrast in brain regions of interest (n = 14).

a<p>Neurosynth term/function (<a href="http://www.neurosynth.org" target="_blank">www.neurosynth.org</a>).</p>b<p>Hemisphere: R, right, L, left.</p>c<p>Cluster size; number of contiguous voxels with p<0.05.</p>d<p>x, y, and z coordinates in MNI space.</p>e<p>Familywise error corrected at the cluster level.</p><p>All results significant at <i>p</i>< .05, cluster-level family-wise error correction.</p><p>fMRI results for the own child > fixation contrast in brain regions of interest (n = 14).</p

HIGH-pain related brain activations, overlaid on the MNI152 standard brain.

<p>HIGH-pain related brain activations, overlaid on the MNI152 standard brain.</p

Brain activation maps and graphs for the own dog vs. own child contrast.

<p>There was greater activation for the own dog vs. own child contrast in fusiform gyrus (A) and less deactivation for own child vs. own dog contrast in NAcc/ventral striatum (B). Other conventions the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107205#pone-0107205-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.</p

Graphs of the post-scan valence (Fig. 5a) and arousal (Fig. 5b) ratings show significant differences between own child (OC) > unfamiliar child (UC) and own dog (OD) > unfamiliar dog (UD; valence and arousal) and UD > UC (arousal).

<p>All <i>p</i>s < 0.05. Error bars depict 95% confidence intervals.</p

HIGH Pain-related percent signal change in representative brain regions across three groups in both run 1 and run 2.

<p>Bars represent mean ± SEM.</p

Study Schematic of the Experimental Design.

<p>Illustration of the passive viewing paradigm of dog and child images used. Sixteen unique color photos of faces: 4 own child (OC), 4 own dog (OD), 4 unfamiliar child (UC), 4 unfamiliar dog (UD) presented in 16 sec blocks (4 images/block) over 6 fMRI runs. Each block of images was followed by a screen with a fixation cross (FX).</p

fMRI results for main effect of relationship (own vs. unfamiliar) in brain regions of interest.

a<p>Neurosynth term/function (<a href="http://www.neurosynth.org" target="_blank">www.neurosynth.org</a>); N/A  =  not available in the Neurosynth atlas.</p>b<p>Hemisphere: R, right, L, left</p>c<p>Cluster size; number of contiguous voxels with p< 0.01.</p>d<p>x, y, and z coordinates in MNI space.</p>e<p>Familywise error corrected at the cluster level.</p><p>All results significant at <i>p</i>< .05, cluster-level family-wise error correction.</p><p>Follow-up t-tests revealed all significant main effects were the result of greater brain activation in the own vs. unfamiliar (own > unfamiliar) contrast. There were no significant differences in ROI activation for the unfamiliar > own contrast.</p><p>fMRI results for main effect of relationship (own vs. unfamiliar) in brain regions of interest.</p