Equilibrium Solubility and Density Functional Theory Study of Tolfenamic Acid in Several Neat Solvents from 283.15 to 323.15 K

The saturation shake-flask technique was employed herein to determine the equilibrium solubility of tolfenamic acid in 12 monosolvents, including ethylene glycol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, cyclohexane, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and pentyl acetate. The effects of the solvent properties on the solubility were studied using the linear solvation energy relationship. Correlation of the magnitudes of equilibrium solubility was conducted by means of several semiempirical equations and activity coefficient models such as Wilson, Apelblat, λh, and NRTL. The mixing solution properties and activity coefficient together with partial molar excess enthalpy at infinite dilution were also estimated using the Wilson equation. Additionally, the electrostatic characteristics of the basicity and acidity of the tolfenamic acid molecule were explained using a quantitative study of the molecular surface. To further explore tolfenamic acid’s miscibility in the chosen solvents, Gaussian 09 was used. The strong interaction between tolfenamic acid and solvents resulted in higher solubility

Structure and Insight into Blue Light-Induced Changes in the BlrP1 BLUF Domain^,

BLUF domains (sensors of blue light using flavin adenine dinucleotide) are a group of flavin-containing blue light photosensory domains from a variety of bacterial and algal proteins. While spectroscopic studies have indicated that these domains reorganize their interactions with an internally bound chromophore upon illumination, it remains unclear how these are converted into structural and functional changes. To address this, we have solved the solution structure of the BLUF domain from Klebsiella pneumoniae BlrP1, a light-activated c-di-guanosine 5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase which consists of a sensory BLUF and a catalytic EAL (Glu-Ala-Leu) domain [Schmidt et. al. (2008) J. Bacteriol. 187, 4774–4781]. Our dark state structure of the sensory domain shows that it adopts a standard BLUF domain fold followed by two C-terminal α helices which adopt a novel orientation with respect to the rest of the domain. Comparison of NMR spectra acquired under dark and light conditions suggests that residues throughout the BlrP1 BLUF domain undergo significant light-induced chemical shift changes, including sites clustered on the β4β5 loop, β5 strand, and α3α4 loop. Given that these changes were observed at several sites on the helical cap, over 15 Å from chromophore, our data suggest a long-range signal transduction process in BLUF domains

Table_2_Sustainable development of Chinese higher education through comparison of higher education indices.XLSX

The purpose of this study is to undertake a comparative study of higher education indices in China and between the 31 administrative divisions of China with the international evaluation system. The analysis includes a comparison of higher education indices between China and six continents and several key countries in the world, as well as a comparison between internal regions in China and Malaysia, both of which are in Asia. The numbers and rankings of higher education institutes (HEIs) of various countries and regions listed in the QS World University Rankings (QS) over 13 years from 2010 to 2023 form the basis of corresponding higher education indices obtained through several calculation formulas. These indices are the QS Higher Education Density Index (QSHEDI), QS Higher Education Quality Index (QSHEQI), QS Higher Education Composite Index (QSHEI), and Relative QS Higher Education Composite Index (RQSHEI), and they reflect the index calculation results of the density, quality, and composite of higher education relative to the regional population. Based on the comparative analysis of the indices from multiple perspectives, this study found that there is a large gap between higher education in China and other countries, and there is also a significant imbalance in the geographical distribution of higher education resources among Chinese provinces based on the population proportion and economic impact. These disparities will hurt the sustainable development of higher education in China. Therefore, paying more attention to the international evaluation system and recognition standards like the QS Rankings becomes necessary to guide the balanced development of higher education among provinces according to the population proportion. It is also vital to improve the international influence of HEIs in China according to internationally recognized requirements so that China's higher education can develop sustainably in the process of global internationalization.</p

Table_1_Sustainable development of Chinese higher education through comparison of higher education indices.XLSX

The purpose of this study is to undertake a comparative study of higher education indices in China and between the 31 administrative divisions of China with the international evaluation system. The analysis includes a comparison of higher education indices between China and six continents and several key countries in the world, as well as a comparison between internal regions in China and Malaysia, both of which are in Asia. The numbers and rankings of higher education institutes (HEIs) of various countries and regions listed in the QS World University Rankings (QS) over 13 years from 2010 to 2023 form the basis of corresponding higher education indices obtained through several calculation formulas. These indices are the QS Higher Education Density Index (QSHEDI), QS Higher Education Quality Index (QSHEQI), QS Higher Education Composite Index (QSHEI), and Relative QS Higher Education Composite Index (RQSHEI), and they reflect the index calculation results of the density, quality, and composite of higher education relative to the regional population. Based on the comparative analysis of the indices from multiple perspectives, this study found that there is a large gap between higher education in China and other countries, and there is also a significant imbalance in the geographical distribution of higher education resources among Chinese provinces based on the population proportion and economic impact. These disparities will hurt the sustainable development of higher education in China. Therefore, paying more attention to the international evaluation system and recognition standards like the QS Rankings becomes necessary to guide the balanced development of higher education among provinces according to the population proportion. It is also vital to improve the international influence of HEIs in China according to internationally recognized requirements so that China's higher education can develop sustainably in the process of global internationalization.</p

The basic information of the company.

The basic information of the company.</p

Reliability and validity analysis.

Reliability and validity analysis.</p

Calibration thresholds for variables.

Calibration thresholds for variables.</p

Configuration of high technological innovation performance.

Configuration of high technological innovation performance.</p

Photocatalytic Oxidation of <i>Escherischia coli</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, and Formaldehyde under Different Ultraviolet Irradiation Conditions

Ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, including the type of light source, light intensity, and irradiation dosage, directly affects the photocatalytic reaction rate and energy consumption. In this study, we investigated the photocatalysis effect of decomposing organic matter and inactivation bacteria and fungi under various conditions of UV sources (UVA and UVC) and light intensities (from 0.01 to 10 W/m2). The effect of light intensity was evaluated by photocatalytic reaction rate and UV dosage defined as a product of light intensity and irradiation time necessary to achieve a certain reduction. The results confirmed the positive effect of increased light intensity on photocatalytic reactions and suggested that within the light intensity range applied in this study low light intensity with long exposure time has higher light utilization efficiency compared to that of high light intensity with short exposure time. A conception for selection of the appropriate light intensity and dosage for effective degradation of pollutants, while saving energy, was provided

Necessity test of antecedent conditions.

Necessity test of antecedent conditions.</p