Stationary solutions of stochastic partial differential equations and infinite horizon backward doubly stochastic differential equations

In this thesis we study the existence of stationary solutions for stochastic partial differential equations. We establish a new connection between solutions of backward doubly stochastic differential equations (BDSDEs) on infinite horizon and the stationary solutions of the SPDEs. For this, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the L2ρ (Rd; R1) × L2ρ (Rd; Rd) valued solutions of BDSDEs with Lipschitz nonlinear term on both finite and infinite horizons, so obtain the solutions of initial value problems and the stationary weak solutions (independent of any initial value) of SPDEs. Also the L2ρ (Rd; R1) × L2ρ (Rd; Rd) valued BDSDE with non-Lipschitz term is considered. Moreover, we verify the time and space continuity of solutions of real-valued BDSDEs, so obtain the stationary stochastic viscosity solutions of real-valued SPDEs. The connection of the weak solutions of SPDEs and BDSDEs has independent interests in the areas of both SPDEs and BSDEs

Pengaruh Kenaikan Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (Ptkp) terhadap Peningkatan Daya Beli Masyarakat di Daerah Kabupaten Kediri (Studi Kasus di Desa Sambireksik Kecamatan Gampengrejo)

Developing countries such as Indonesia\u27s state government development is necessary in order to make this country better and grow into a developed country. Income tax article 21, the biggest contributor of government revenue. Itself taxable income is income that is not taxed. Policy PTKP rise in 2013 was taken by the government for fiscal stimulus in anticipation of a global economic slowdown. The purpose of this study is the effect of the increase in taxable income to purchasing power in the region, especially the village of Kediri District Gampengrejo Sambiresik. Researchers wanted to examine the truth by raising the taxable income will increase purchasing power also appropriate government said. This type of research used in this study is a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used questionnaire study. This study used a Likert scale scores of the questionnaire. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis. The results of this research is that if the independent variable (PTKP) worth (0) then the dependent variable (Purchasing Power) worth 3,938. Leverage the value of coefficient for the variable X is equal to -180. In the regression tests are sig 0.140, then H0 is accepted. Advice from research that more closely if the government wants to increase the amount of taxable income to increase purchasing power. The government can increase people\u27s purchasing power by raising the taxable income but also control the prices of basic necessities

A general real-time control approach of intrusion response for industrial automation systems

Intrusion response is a critical part of security protection. Compared with IT systems, industrial automation systems (IASs) have greater timeliness and availability demands. Real-time security policy enforcement of intrusion response is a challenge facing intrusion response for IASs. Inappropriate enforcement of the security policy can influence normal operation of the control system, and the loss caused by this security policy may even exceed that caused by cyberattacks. However, existing research about intrusion response focuses on security policy decisions and ignores security policy execution. This paper proposes a general, real-time control approach based on table-driven scheduling of intrusion response in IASs to address the problem of security policy execution. Security policy consists of a security service group, with each type of security service supported by a realization task set. Realization tasks from several task sets can be combined to form a response task set. In the proposed approach, first, a response task set is generated by a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (GA) II with joint consideration of security performance and cost. Then, the system is reconfigured through an integrated scheduling scheme where system tasks and response tasks are mapped and scheduled together based on a GA. Furthermore, results from both numerical simulations and a real-application simulation show that the proposed method can implement the security policy in time with little effect on the system

Multilevel Adaptive Radial Basis Function Approximation using Error Indicators

In some approximation problems, sampling from the target function can be both expensive and time-consuming. It would be convenient to have a method for indicating where the approximation quality is poor, so that generation of new data provides the user with greater accuracy where needed. In this thesis, the author describes a new adaptive algorithm for Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation which aims to assess the local approximation quality and adds or removes points as required to improve the error in the specified region. For a multiquadric and Gaussian approximation, one has the flexibility of a shape parameter which one can use to keep the condition number of the interpolation matrix to a moderate size. In this adaptive error indicator (AEI) method, an adaptive shape parameter is applied. Numerical results for test functions which appear in the literature are given for one, two, and three dimensions, to show that this method performs well. A turbine blade design problem form GE Power (Rugby, UK) is considered and the AEI method is applied to this problem. Moreover, a new multilevel approximation scheme is introduced in this thesis by coupling it with the adaptive error indicator. Preliminary numerical results from this Multilevel Adaptive Error Indicator (MAEI) approximation method are shown. These indicate that the MAEI is able to express the target function well. Moreover, it provides a highly efficient sampling

Pathwise stationary solutions of stochastic differential equations and backward doubly stochastic differential equations on infinite horizon

The main purpose of this paper is to study the existence of stationary solution for stochastic partial differential equations. We establish a new connection between backward doubly stochastic differential equations on infinite time horizon and the stationary solution of the SPDEs. For this we study the existence of the solution of the associated BDSDEs on infinite time horizon and prove it is a stationary viscosity solution of the corresponding SPDEs

Measuring Residual Dipolar Couplings in Excited Conformational States of Nucleic Acids by CEST NMR Spectroscopy

Nucleic acids undergo structural transitions to access sparsely populated and transiently lived conformational statesor excited conformational statesthat play important roles in diverse biological processes. Despite ever-increasing detection of these functionally essential states, 3D structure determination of excited states (ESs) of RNA remains elusive. This is largely due to challenges in obtaining high-resolution structural constraints in these ESs by conventional structural biology approaches. Here, we present nucleic-acid-optimized chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) NMR spectroscopy for measuring residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), which provide unique long-range angular constraints in ESs of nucleic acids. We demonstrate these approaches on a fluoride riboswitch, where one-bond ¹³C-¹H RDCs from both base and sugar moieties provide direct structural probes into an ES of the ligand-free riboswitch

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Dual Responsive Nanoaggregates of Fluoro- and Amino-Containing Copolymer

We report herein a novel approach for preparing CO₂- and O₂-responsive polymer nanoaggregates. The polymer, synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), has one hydrophilic poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block, and the other hydrophobic block composed of 88 randomly distributed units of CO₂-responsive <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEA) and 43 units of O₂-responsive 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (FMA). The amphiphilic copolymer self-assembled into vesicular nanoaggregates in water. With O₂ bubbling, the vesicles expanded eight times in volume. With CO₂ bubbling, the vesicular morphology collapsed and transformed into a small spherical micelle. The dual gas-responsivity significantly expanded the scope in designing stimuli-responsive materials and processes

Two New Polymorphs of Huperzine A Obtained from Different Dehydration Processes of One Monohydrate

Two new polymorphs (forms IV and V) of huperzine A were obtained from the same hydrate form H1, which is currently commercially available, via dehydration processes under different conditions. Notably, the number of reported polymorphs of huperzine A is increased to five and the polymorphs with well-determined structures are increased to four. Forms IV and V were analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). In addition, form V was further characterized by Raman spectra, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS). Finally, the mechanism for the two-phase transformation is discussed

Hexameric Resorcinarene Capsule is a Brønsted Acid: Investigation and Application to Synthesis and Catalysis

Molecular capsules have attracted interest as simple enzyme mimetics and several examples of catalytic transformations in water-soluble metal–ligand based systems have been reported. This is not the case for hydrogen-bond based molecular capsules, which in contrast can be employed in organic solvents. We describe herein our investigations of such a system: The resorcin[4]­arene hexamer is one of the largest hydrogen bond-based self-assembled capsules and has been studied intensively due to its ready availability. We present evidence that the capsule acts as a reasonably strong Brønsted acid (p<i>K</i>_a approximately 5.5–6). This finding explains the capsule’s high affinity toward tertiary amines that are protonated and therefore encounter cation-π interactions inside the cavity. We were able to translate this finding into a first synthetic application: A highly substrate-selective Wittig reaction. We also report that this property renders the capsule an efficient enzyme-like catalyst for substrate selective diethyl acetal hydrolysis

Ionic Liquids: Versatile Media for Preparation of Vesicles from Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly

This work reports the development of a new polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) system through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated dispersion polymerization in ionic liquids. Three representative monomers (styrene, <i>n</i>-butyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were polymerized through chain extension from a trithiocarbonate-terminated poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macro-RAFT agent, in a model ionic liquid [bmim]­[PF₆]. The block copolymers thus prepared could spontaneously form aggregates with vesicular morphologies. Moreover, by regulating the formulation, nanoaggregates with multiple morphologies were generated in ionic liquid via PISA