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Pemungutan suara dalam pemilu di Indonesia masih dilakukan secara manual, yaitu menggunakan media kertas. Dalam sistem tersebut, terjadi risiko kesalahan yang tinggi dalam penghitungan suara mengingat surat suara yang diproses terbilang banyak. Selain itu, rawan terjadi kecurangan terhadap jumlah suara demi memenangkan kelompok atau golongan tertentu. Akibatnya, pelaksanaan pemilu menjadi tidak sesuai dengan asas yang berlaku dan hasilnya tidak akurat. Untuk mengatasinya, dirancanglah sistem pemungutan suara yang lebih modern, yang disebut dengan sistem pemungutan suara secara elektronik (e-voting)

The relationship between <i>r</i> (correlation coefficient between <i>E_p</i> and <i>E_p</i>_–<i>w</i>) and net effects of water molecules on local PES () for three different time scales.

<p>a) , b) and c). Data for all eight time scales studied are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0060553#pone.0060553.s006" target="_blank">Fig. S6</a>.</p

Probability distribution of <i>hSASA</i> for the crystal structure ensemble and MD simulation ensembles.

<p>Green line a): from trajectories that originate from crystal structures without sugar substrates/inhibitor bound; Blue line b): from trajectories that originate from crystal structures with sugar substrates/inhibitor bound; Purple impulses c): from crystal structure ensemble without sugar substrates/inhibitor bound; Black impulses d): from crystal structures with sugar substrates/inhibitor bound.</p

CS organization at temporal resolutions <i>T</i>₀, <i>T</i>₁, <i>T</i>₂, <i>T</i>₃ and <i>T</i>₄.

<p>Each line (edge) between the two defining nodes (representing CSs) indicates occurrence of direct transitions between these two CSs. Sizes of nodes are indicative of CS’s statistical weight and thickness of lines are indicative of the number of direct transitions (but not strictly to the proportion). Blue lines represent transitions betweens clusters that merge to the same cluster on the preceding coarser temporal resolution, while green lines represent transitions between clusters that belong to different clusters on the preceding coarser time resolution. Yellow nodes harbor HEWL crystal structures in both single and complex forms, gray nodes harbor HEWL crystal structures in complexes with other proteins, and the remaining nodes in pink represent CSs that do not harbor any crystal structures. Only significant CSs are shown.</p

Reconciling Mediating and Slaving Roles of Water in Protein Conformational Dynamics

<div><p>Proteins accomplish their physiological functions with remarkably organized dynamic transitions among a hierarchical network of conformational substates. Despite the essential contribution of water molecules in shaping functionally important protein dynamics, their exact role is still controversial. Water molecules were reported either as mediators that facilitate or as masters that slave protein dynamics. Since dynamic behaviour of a given protein is ultimately determined by the underlying energy landscape, we systematically analysed protein self energies and protein-water interaction energies obtained from extensive molecular dynamics simulation trajectories of barstar. We found that protein-water interaction energy plays the dominant role when compared with protein self energy, and these two energy terms on average have negative correlation that increases with increasingly longer time scales ranging from 10 femtoseconds to 100 nanoseconds. Water molecules effectively roughen potential energy surface of proteins in the majority part of observed conformational space and smooth in the remaining part. These findings support a scenario wherein water on average slave protein conformational dynamics but facilitate a fraction of transitions among different conformational substates, and reconcile the controversy on the facilitating and slaving roles of water molecules in protein conformational dynamics.</p></div

Five temporal resolutions utilized for hierarchical backbone conformational analysis of HEWL.

<p>Corresponding number of conformational substates is provided in the right column.</p

Pearson correlation coefficient <i>r</i> between <i>E_p</i> and <i>E_p</i>_–<i>w</i> for barstar.

<p>Time scale values are obtained by first reducing time scales() with femto-second and then taking logarithm (e.g. 1 corresponds to 10 , 2 corresponds to 100 , 3 corresponds to 1 , etc.) Time scales mentioned in figures hereafter are the same. (a) ensemble average of as a function of time scales. (b) Distributions of at 10 (square), 1 (circle), 100 (upwards triangles) and 10 (downwards triangles).</p