Genetic diversity of each population of <i>S. ningshanensis</i>.

<p><i>S.D</i>., standard deviation.</p

Mismatch distribution analyses and neutrality test of <i>S. ningshanensis.</i>

<p><i>N</i>, number of sequences; <i>n</i>, number of haplotypes; <i>τ</i>, time in number of generations elapsed since the sudden expansion episode; <i>θ</i>₀, pre-expansion, and <i>θ</i>₁, post-expansion population size; <i>SSD</i>, sum of squared deviations; <i>R</i>, raggedness indexes.</p

Distribution of <i>s</i>-values from simulated genealogies constrained within the models of population divergence.

<p>Single-refugium hypothesis.</p

Demographic patterns of each clade and the total population as determined from the Bayesian skyline plot (BSP).

<p>The X-axis is in units of million years in the past and the Y-axis is <i>N</i>_e*µ (effective population size × mutation rate per site per generation). The median estimates for the log10 of the population size are shown as thick solid lines, and the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) limits are shown by the shaded areas.</p

Sampling information and haplotypes based on cyt b and COI for 6 sampled populations of <i>Scutiger ningshanensis</i>.

<p>n, sample size.</p

Allele frequency spectrum indicated an excess of singleton mutations in the combined mtDNA cyt b and COI sequences.

<p>Numbers above the line represent the number of sites with singleton mutations.</p

Locations of sampled populations and geographical distribution of <i>S</i>. <i>ningshanensis</i> clades on the Tsinling Mountains.

<p>Nsc is also the type locality of <i>S. ningshanensis</i>.</p

Results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of <i>S. ningshanensis</i>.

<p><i>d.f.</i>, degrees of freedom.</p

<i>F</i>_ST values between populations.

<p><i>F</i>_ST values between populations.</p

Bayesian tree for the 67 sampled haplotypes of <i>S</i>. <i>ningshanensis</i> based on the combined mtDNA cyt b and COI sequences.

<p>The Bayesian posterior probabilities from Bayesian analyses are presented above or under the main branches. The scale bar represents substitutions per site.</p