Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for Acetonitrile + Ethanol with Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquids as Entrainers at 101.3 kPa

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the ternary system of acetonitrile + ethanol + ionic liquids (ILs) were obtained at 101.3 kPa, and used ILs were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis­(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)­imide ([BMIM]­[NTf2]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis­(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)­imide ([EMIM]­[NTf2]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ([BMIM]­[DEP]). The nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model was used to correlate the VLE data and fitted well, indicating that the minimum mole fractions of [BMIM]­[NTf2], [EMIM]­[NTf2], and [BMIM]­[DEP] to eliminate the azeotrope was 0.053, 0.063, and 0.065, respectively. These ILs led to an outstanding “salting-in” effect on ethanol, and the salting effect on acetonitrile was inapparent. Higher concentrations of ILs signified a stronger salt effect as well as higher equilibrium temperatures. The results indicated that [BMIM]­[NTf2], [EMIM]­[NTf2], and [BMIM]­[DEP] could be used as good candidate entrainers to separate acetonitrile and ethanol in extractive distillation

Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for Ethyl Acetate + Acetonitrile with Acetate-Based Ionic Liquids as Entrainers at 101.3 kPa and Analysis of the Separation Mechanism

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the ternary system of ethyl acetate + acetonitrile + acetate-based ionic liquids (ILs) were obtained with a modified Othmer still at 101.3 kPa, and the used ILs were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM]­[Ac]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]­[Ac]). The VLE data were correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid model and fitted well, indicating that the minimum mole fractions of [BMIM]­[Ac] and [EMIM]­[Ac] to eliminate azeotrope were 0.028 and 0.067, respectively. Both [BMIM]­[Ac] and [EMIM]­[Ac] led to a salting-out effect on ethyl acetate, and a higher concentration of ILs signified a stronger salt effect. In addition, interactions between ILs and solvents were estimated, and the polarity was analyzed with the σ-profiles, revealing the effect of ILs and the separation mechanism of the ternary system. The results indicated that both [BMIM]­[Ac] and [EMIM]­[Ac] could be qualified as solvents to separate ethyl acetate and acetonitrile. Based on the experimental data measured on the equilibrium scale and the separation mechanism calculated at the molecular scale, this work provides a useful strategy for studying the application of IL in extractive distillation in the future

Diapause termination rate and average pre-hatching period for diapausing eggs of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> exposed to different water treatments under warm long day conditions.

<p>Diapause termination rate and average pre-hatching period for diapausing eggs of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> exposed to different water treatments under warm long day conditions.</p

Diapause termination rate of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> eggs being watered at different times during the post-diapause stage.

<p>The lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

Relationship between pre-hatching period (<i>P</i>) of diapausing eggs and time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>1</i>) under warm long day conditions.

<p>The triangle (Δ), inverted triangle, the cross (×) and bar (┬) indicate the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of the pre-hatching period in each treatment, respectively. The time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>1</i>) was 24, 35, 53, 63, 76, 84, 95 and 109 days, respectively. The exponential curve indicates the relationship (<i>P</i> = 72.53 exp (0.0037 <i>T</i>_<i>1</i>)) between the pre-hatching period and time to watering.</p

Flow chart showing water treatments during the diapause/post-diapause stage under warm long-day conditions, during the diapause termination (chilling) stage, and during the post-diapause stage (from transfer to WLD conditions after chilling until the hatching of nymphs).

<p>Watering once on day XX denotes watering on day 24, 35, 53, 63, 76, 84, 95, or 109 of incubation, respectively. Watering 2 or 3 ml every YY days means watering with either 2 or 3 ml water every 3 (watering with only 2 ml), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days, respectively. Soaking for 1 or 3 h every ZZ days means soaking eggs for either 1 or 3 h every 5, 10 and 15 days, respectively. Watering once on day MM denotes watering once on day 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 of chilling, respectively. Watering once on day NN denotes watering once on day 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 after transfer to WLD conditions, respectively.</p

Diapause termination rate of diapausing <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> eggs exposed to different water treatments during chilling at 4°C.

<p>The different lowercase letters indicated significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

The post-diapause development duration of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> eggs with different water treatments during chilling at 4°C.

<p>NDE represents the developmental duration of non-diapause eggs. The different lowercase letters above each box indicated significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

Effect of Water on Survival and Development of Diapausing Eggs of <i>Apolygus lucorum</i> (Hemiptera: Miridae) - Fig 5

<p><b>The relationship between post-diapause development duration (A) and watering-to-hatching period of resumed development (B) and the time to watering (<i>T</i></b>_{<b><i>2</i></b>}<b>) in post-diapause stage for <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i>.</b> The triangle (Δ), inverted triangle, the cross (×) and bar (┬) indicate the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of development duration in each treatment, respectively. NDE represents the developmental duration of non-diapause eggs. The thick solid curve indicates the relationship between post-diapause development duration (<i>Dp</i>) and time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) (dry days experienced) described by <i>Dp</i> = 19.12 + (31.08–19.12) / (1 + exp ((8.90—<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) / 0.56)). The thin dashed curve indicates the relationship between development duration of the post-diapause stage for the first hatchlings (<i>D</i>_<i>p1</i>) and time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) described by <i>D</i>_<i>p1</i> = 8.32 + (26.91–8.32) / (1 + exp ((10.07—<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) / 3.13)). The lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

sj-pdf-1-mdm-10.1177_0272989X221107902 – Supplemental material for PaCAR: COVID-19 Pandemic Control Decision Making via Large-Scale Agent-Based Modeling and Deep Reinforcement Learning

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mdm-10.1177_0272989X221107902 for PaCAR: COVID-19 Pandemic Control Decision Making via Large-Scale Agent-Based Modeling and Deep Reinforcement Learning by Xudong Guo, Peiyu Chen, Shihao Liang, Zengtao Jiao, Linfeng Li, Jun Yan, Yadong Huang, Yi Liu and Wenhui Fan in Medical Decision Making</p