sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802231154327 - Supplemental material for Change plane model averaging for subgroup identification

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802231154327 for Change plane model averaging for subgroup identification by Pan Liu, Jialiang Li and Michael R Kosorok in Statistical Methods in Medical Research</p

Comparative Analysis of Risky Behaviors of Electric Bicycles at Signalized Intersections

<div><p><b>Objective:</b> The primary objective of this study was to compare the risky behaviors of e-bike, e-scooter, and bicycle riders as they were crossing signalized intersections.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> Pearson's chi-square test was used to identify whether there were significant differences in the risky behaviors among e-bike, e-scooter, and bicycle riders. Binary logit models were developed to evaluate how various variables affected the behaviors of 2-wheeled vehicle riders at signalized intersections. Field data collection was conducted at 13 signalized intersections in 2 cities (Nanjing and Kunming) in China.</p><p><b>Results:</b> Three different types of risky behaviors were identified, including stop beyond the stop line, riding in motorized lanes, and riding against traffic. Two-wheeled vehicle riders’ gender and age and traffic conditions were significantly associated with the behaviors of 2-wheeled vehicle riders at the selected signalized intersections.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> Compared to e-bike and bicycle riders, e-scooter riders are more likely to take risky behaviors. More specifically, they are more likely to ride in motorized lanes and ride against traffic.</p></div

Monolithic Nanoporous Zn Anode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries

The fabrication of monolithic nanoporous zinc bears its significance in safe and inexpensive energy storage; it can provide the much needed electrical conductivity and specific area in a practical alkaline battery to extend the short cycle life of a zinc anode. Although this type of structure has been routinely fabricated by dealloying, that is, the selective dissolution of an alloy, it has not led to a rechargeable zinc anode largely because the need for more reactive metal as the dissolving component in dealloying limits the choices of alloy precursors. Here, we apply the mechanism of dealloying, percolation dissolution, to design a process of reduction-induced decomposition of a zinc compound (ZnCl2) for nanoporous zinc. Using naphthalenide solution, we confine the selective dissolution of chloride to the compound/electrolyte interface, triggering the spontaneous formation of a network of 70 nm wide percolating zinc ligaments that retain the shape of a 200 μm thick monolith. We further reveal that this structure, when electrochemically oxidized and reduced in an alkaline electrolyte, undergoes surface-diffusion-controlled coarsening toward a quasi-steady-state with a length scale of ∼500 nm. The coarsening dynamics preserves the continuous zinc phase, enabling its uniform reaction and 200 cycles of stable performance at 40% depth of discharge (328 mAh/g) in a Ni–Zn battery

Development of a Real-Time Crash Risk Prediction Model Incorporating the Various Crash Mechanisms Across Different Traffic States

<div><p><b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to identify the traffic flow variables contributing to crash risks under different traffic states and to develop a real-time crash risk model incorporating the varying crash mechanisms across different traffic states.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> The crash, traffic, and geometric data were collected on the I-880N freeway in California in 2008 and 2009. This study considered 4 different traffic states in Wu's 4-phase traffic theory. They are free fluid traffic, bunched fluid traffic, bunched congested traffic, and standing congested traffic. Several different statistical methods were used to accomplish the research objective.</p><p><b>Results:</b> The preliminary analysis showed that traffic states significantly affected crash likelihood, collision type, and injury severity. Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis (NLCCA) was conducted to identify the underlying phenomena that made certain traffic states more hazardous than others. The results suggested that different traffic states were associated with various collision types and injury severities. The matching of traffic flow characteristics and crash characteristics in NLCCA revealed how traffic states affected traffic safety. The logistic regression analyses showed that the factors contributing to crash risks were quite different across various traffic states. To incorporate the varying crash mechanisms across different traffic states, random parameters logistic regression was used to develop a real-time crash risk model. Bayesian inference based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations was used for model estimation. The parameters of traffic flow variables in the model were allowed to vary across different traffic states. Compared with the standard logistic regression model, the proposed model significantly improved the goodness-of-fit and predictive performance.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> These results can promote a better understanding of the relationship between traffic flow characteristics and crash risks, which is valuable knowledge in the pursuit of improving traffic safety on freeways through the use of dynamic safety management systems.</p></div

Catalytic Ozonation of Air toward Direct Nitric Acid Production Using Hierarchical Co₃O₄ with a Tunable Microstructure

The nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) to form nitric acid by applying natural air and H2O under ambient conditions is a sustainable approach to achieving efficient and selective N2 fixation for industrial applications. In this study, four kinds of Co3O4 catalysts with a controllable microstructure were prepared to catalyze the direct NOR of N2 in the air. At the same time, the reaction mechanism of the conversion of N2 to nitric acid under catalytic ozonation was explored through experimental research and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The results showed that the prepared porous nanosheets self-assembled into microflower-structured samples. The HCOF showed extraordinary catalytic performance for direct NOR to produce a high concentration of nitric acid. The maximum rate of nitric acid formation could be as high as 6.67 mmol/(h·gcat), which was higher than those of most reported photocatalytic or electrocatalytic N2 fixation processes for direct NOR to produce NO3–. Furthermore, the 15N isotopic-labeling experiment confirmed that the produced NO3– originated from N2 in the air by the direct NOR process. In the direct NOR mechanism, inert N2 molecules were captured at the Co3+ active sites by the acceptance–donation electron conduction mode, and the oxygen vacancies boosted the chemical adsorption of N2 molecules and greatly reduced the activation energy barrier of N2 molecules. The active free radicals •OH and •O2– generated by the decomposition of O3 molecules oxidized N2 to the intermediate *NO, which was the rate-determining step, and it was then absorbed by water to form nitric acid. The air catalytic ozonation method in this study was proposed as a facile pathway for efficient nitrogen fixation. This research provides a new method for environmental protection and efficient production of nitric acid at distributed sources

Supplementary document for Structure-embedding network for predicting transmission spectrum of multilayer deep etched grating - 6134269.pdf

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Synergetic Effect of Liquid and Solid Catalysts on the Energy Efficiency of Li–O₂ Batteries: Cell Performances and Operando STEM Observations

The sluggish cathodic kinetics and lower energy efficiency, associated with solid and insulating discharge products of Li2O2, are the key factors that prevent the practical implementation of Li–O2 batteries (LOBs). Here we demonstrate that the combination of the solid catalyst (RuO2) and soluble redox mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) exhibits a synergetic effect in improving the cathodic kinetics and energy efficiency of LOBs by reducing both charge and discharge overpotentials. Operando electron microscopy observations and electrochemical measurements reveal that RuO2 not only exhibits bifunctional catalysis for Li–O2 reactions but also benefits the catalytic efficiency of TTF. Meanwhile, TTF plays an important role in activating the Li2O2 passivated RuO2 catalysts and in helping RuO2 effectively oxidize the discharge products during charging. The synergetic effect of solid and liquid catalysts, beyond traditional bifunctional catalysis, obviously increases the cathodic kinetics and round-trip energy efficiency of LOBs

Synergetic Effect of Liquid and Solid Catalysts on the Energy Efficiency of Li–O₂ Batteries: Cell Performances and Operando STEM Observations

The sluggish cathodic kinetics and lower energy efficiency, associated with solid and insulating discharge products of Li2O2, are the key factors that prevent the practical implementation of Li–O2 batteries (LOBs). Here we demonstrate that the combination of the solid catalyst (RuO2) and soluble redox mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) exhibits a synergetic effect in improving the cathodic kinetics and energy efficiency of LOBs by reducing both charge and discharge overpotentials. Operando electron microscopy observations and electrochemical measurements reveal that RuO2 not only exhibits bifunctional catalysis for Li–O2 reactions but also benefits the catalytic efficiency of TTF. Meanwhile, TTF plays an important role in activating the Li2O2 passivated RuO2 catalysts and in helping RuO2 effectively oxidize the discharge products during charging. The synergetic effect of solid and liquid catalysts, beyond traditional bifunctional catalysis, obviously increases the cathodic kinetics and round-trip energy efficiency of LOBs

Additional file 1: of Photoperiod response-related gene SiCOL1 contributes to flowering in sesame

Figure S1. Phylogenetic relationships and structures of SiCOL proteins. Figure S2. Comparison of SiCOL1, SiCOL2 and CO protein sequences. Figure S3. Relative expression of FT in leaves of T2 transgenic Arabidopsis lines with overexpressed SiCOL1 and SiCOL2. Figure S4. Relative expression of SiCOL2 in different tissues and development stages of sesame. Figure S5. Relative diurnal expression of SiCOL2 under LD and SD conditions. Figure S6. Nucleotide changes in the coding region of SiCOL2 among cultivated sesame. Figure S7. Sequences of SiCOL1 in ten sesame landraces. Figure S8. Haplotype network of SiCOL2. Table S1. Information of B-box gene family and CCT-containing gene family in sesame genome. Table S2. Days to flowering of Arabidopsis samples. Table S3. Information of the sesame landraces from Asia used in the present study. Table S4. Primers used in the qRT-PCR. (PDF 634 kb