Proportion of higher SES by quintiles of energy-adjusted diet cost, adjusting for covariates.¹

<p>Abbreviations: Q1, Quintile 1; Q2, Quintile 2; Q3, Quintile 3, Q4, Quintile 4; Q5, Quintile 5; CI, Confidence interval; <i>P</i>, p-value; β, Beta coefficient; SD, Standard Deviation.</p>1<p>Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, household size and total calorie intake. Standardized at mean age of 56 years and mean calorie intake of 1800 kcal/d for the sample.</p>2<p>Two sided p-value for trend test across energy-adjusted quintiles of daily diet cost.</p>3<p>Higher SES (either income <5,000 K, or less than college education, or both as the reference category), Higher income (<50,000 as the reference category), Higher education (≤some college as the reference category).</p

Characteristics of the study sample.

<p>sum may not add up to 100% due to missing values.</p

Proportion of higher SES¹ by quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes², adjusting for other covariates.³

1<p>Higher SES used as the dependent variable. Indicate those with income ≥50,000 and at least college graduates.</p>2<p>Used as independent variables. Each nutrient (with the exception of fats and added sugar) was energy-adjusted using residual method and then converted into quintiles. For saturated fats, trans fats and added sugars, expressed as percent of total calories and then converted into quintiles.</p>3<p>Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, household size and total calorie intake. Proportions presented for mean age of 56 years and calorie intake of 1800 kcal/d.</p>4<p>Two sided <i>P</i> for trend test across energy-adjusted quintiles of each nutrient intake.</p

Mean diet cost by quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, adjusting for other covariates.¹

<p>Abbreviations: Q1, Quintile 1; Q2, Quintile 2; Q3, Quintile 3, Q4, Quintile 4; Q5, Quintile 5; CI, Confidence interval.</p>1<p>Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity and total calorie intake. Presented at mean age of 56 years and mean calorie intake of 1800 Kcal/d for the sample.</p>2<p>Used as independent variables. Each nutrient (with the exception of fats and added sugar) was energy-adjusted using residual method and then converted into quintiles. For saturated fats, trans fats and added sugars, expressed as percent of total calories and then converted into quintiles.</p>3<p>Two sided <i>P</i> for trend test across quintiles of each independent variable.</p

Diet cost by quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, among women: results from multivariable regression.

<p>Diet cost by quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, among women: results from multivariable regression.</p

Diet cost by quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, among men: results from multivariable regression.

<p>Diet cost by quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, among men: results from multivariable regression.</p

Additional file 3: of Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants

Characteristics of participants in the UK Biobank sample, UK (n = 51,361), overall and stratified by household income. (DOCX 24 kb

Additional file 7: of Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants

Adjusted risk ratios (RRs) describing the associations of household income with body mass index (estimated using a multivariable linear regression model, n = 51,361), obesity (estimated using a binomial logistic regression model, n = 51,361), and frequent consumption of processed meat (estimated using a binomial logistic regression model, n = 51,090) in the Greater London UK Biobank sample. (DOCX 22 kb

Two continuums describe all public health interventions, with examples related to diet and obesity.

<p>Interventions grouped together fall at similar points on the two continuums; we have not attempted to make fine-grained distinctions of where interventions fall on each continuum.</p

Additional file 1: of Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants

Flow diagram for UK Biobank sample restriction, for body weight-, processed meat consumption- and percentage body fat-based analyses reported in this study. (DOCX 37 kb