The Pathogenicity Of Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus In The Bursa Of Fabricius

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the important poultry diseases in Malaysia. Although the disease is controlled through vaccination programmes, outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated flocks from time to time. The success of any vaccination programme depends on several factors and one of them is the integrity of the immune system. The bursa of Fabricius is an important organ of the immune system which is responsible for humoral immunity against ND. Realising its importance, a study was undertaken to investigate the effect of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) on the bursa of Fabricius. An initial detailed study on the normal structure of the bursa of Fabricius was conducted as a basis for differentiating the effect of VVNDV on the bursa of Fabricius.The effect of VVNDV on the bursa of Fabricius of vaccinated chickens was determined by infecting these chickens via contact with non-vaccinated chickens challenged intranasally with 0. 1 ml of inoculate containing 106 E1DSO of the virus. The damage to the bursa of Fabricius was examined by histological and electron microscopic studies, while virus was detected by isolation, immunoperoxidase staining and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that VVNDV damaged and replicated in the bursa of Fabricius of vaccinated birds. Grossly, the bursa was swollen, oedematous, haemorrhagic and necrotic. Histopathology showed that there were haemorrhages, oedema, cystic cavities in the follicles containing mucous, necrosis of the follicles and presence of a reduced number of lymphocytes and an increased number of heterophils, macrophages and plasma cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed increased mucous secretion and there was exfoliation of the microvilli. However the follicle-associated-epithelium was intact in the vaccinated challenged birds. In the non-vaccinated challenged birds there was total exfoliation of the epithelium. Viral isolation and immunoperoxidase staining showed evidence of viral replication in the bursa of Fabricius. Ultrastructurally, viral replication was shown by the presence of virus budding and nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm of lymphoid cells and macrophages

A Study On Personality That Influences Teaching Effectiveness

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji hubungan di antaratret personaliti dan keberkesanan mengajar. This study attempts to examine the relationship between personality and teaching effectiveness

Issues in evaluating the retrieval performance of multiscript translation of Al-Quran

The main aim of this paper is to present on the issues of evaluating the retrieval performance of the multi-script indexing of translated texts of al-Quran. Translations of al-Quran has played a major role in the recitation of al-Quran in its original texts and understanding through the translated words, among the public. Even in querying, non-Arabic speakers will find the texts through the translated words in addition to topical search. Transliteration is a need in the absence of terminology in the normal conduct of Cross-Language Information Retrieval research area, while in the case of this research, the transliterated version was meant for those with the ability to read the older script in its own original translation. The Malay Roman script has its own version of the translation. Objectives include to examine the reported retrieval performance of these texts and to evaluate the retrieval performance of the translations available in two different scripts of a language: Malay Rumi and Malay Jawi, built upon Pimpinan ar-Rahman version, Indri and Jawi software. Measures include recall, precision and overlap. Recall explains the performance in retrieving all relevant items, while precision describes the performance in rejecting non-relevant items. Overlap exhibits the retrieval of items common in both sub-collections. Queries are constructed from questions posed by newspaper readers in both scripts resulted as keywords with semantic, while relevance judgment is made by a panel of expert based on answers to the questions. Findings based on recall, precision and overlaps revealed the major issues of standardized texts, translation and transliteration, text alignments, queries construction, question-answering relevance vs. topical relevance. Indri's performance is not a major issue, while the Jawi software requires improvement to a minor extent. This paper contributes to the issues of handling test collections involving parallel corpus in the area of Cross Language IR facing the Muslim World

Random magnetic anisotropy effects in glasses based on Gd₆₅Co₃₅

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 O83Master of Scienc

The effects of formaldehyde vapour on the morphology of the respiratory epithelium of the pre- and post-hatched chick

Disinfecting hatching eggs by the use of formaldehyde vapour during the last three days of incubation is common practice in commercial hatcheries to minimise the presence of potential pathogenic microorganisms and so produce high hatchability and healthy chicks. This study was designed to investigate by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM), the effects of exposure to low levels of formaldehyde vapour (10.9 ppm) on the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract of hatching chicks in a commercial situation. As a prelude to this study, a control study on the development of the respiratory tract was carried out using similar techniques and it was established that by 19th to 20th day of incubation, the mucociliated cells of the entire respiratory tract of chicks were well developed. Formaldehyde fumigation however, caused destruction to the entire respiratory tract of the chicks, inducing pathological changes including clumping of cilia and microvilli, development of blebs or balloon-like structures on the cilial and microvillal walls, deciliation and desquamation of the epithelium. In addition, mucus production was also seen to be affected, with increased mucus production and changes in both the nature of the mucosubstances and distribution of the mucous cells and intraepithelial mucous glands. The morphological changes in the lining respiratory tract appeared to last until about the fourth week post-hatching, when regeneration of the lining epithelium appeared to be completed

Effect of Chemical Treatments on the Shelf Life of Rambutans (Nephelium lappaceum) - II

Dipping rambutans for 5 minutes in sodium metabisulphite, calcium chloride and metabisulphite or calcium chloride and ascorbic acid solutions helped reduce %unacceptable fruits by up to 30% when fruits were stored packaged at 8 C Chemical dipping of rambutans and sulfur dioxide treatments were found to be less effective in prolonging the shelf life compared to low temperature storage. Techniques which slow down respiration rate and dehydration rate- were found to be more effective in prolonging the shelf life of rambutans than methods to inhibit enzymic browning. Fruits treated with sodium metabisulphite + calcium chloride in PE at 8 C with soaking time of 5-10 minutes, remained sweet and firm on the 17th day. Shelf life of treated fruits stored at room temperature is not significantly different from untreated fruits

Evaluation of total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, and antioxidant vitamin composition of pomegranate seed and juice

This study aimed to determine total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), antioxidant vitamin composition (A, C, and E) of pomegranate fruit. In addition, two edible parts of pomegranate juice, pomegranate seed, and combination of them were compared based on antioxidant properties. TPC was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method based on colorimetric reduction. Ferric reduction ability power (FRAP assay) was used to test the antioxidant activity. Vitamin assessments were conducted by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results for antioxidant vitamin composition in pomegranate juice (PJ) showed that the concentration of vitamin A was 22.8 ± 0.69 μg/100 g, vitamin C was 57.8 ± 0.59 mg/100 g, and vitamin E was 0.07 ± 0.01 mg/100 g. Besides, TPC in PJ, pomegranate seed (PS), and pomegranate seed-juice (PSJ) was 2502 ± 54, 165 ± 49, and 2696 ± 49 mg GAE/L, and TAA was 32 ± 5.1, 20 ± 2.8, and 47 ± 5.5 mmol/L respectively. This study revealed that PSJ contained high level of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and vitamin C. In addition, TPC was as main contributor to antioxidant activities, and positively correlated with TAA (r2 = 0.91, p < 0.05). Therefore, combination of pomegranate seed and juice may become an alternative and potential source of natural antioxidant

My small world in biomedical research

Biomedical research in general simply known as medical research, is the basic research, applied research, or translational researchconducted to aid and support the body of knowledge in the field of medicine. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide representing 13% of all deaths (over 11 million in 2030), breast cancer is the most common diagnosed type of cancer among women accounting for about 28% of all female cancer cases, while liver cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. Workers exposed to formaldehyde vapour have been well documented to have an association between formaldehyde exposure and several cancers, including nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia. A study was conducted in hatching chicks which represented a working environment that was exposed to the 10.9 ppm formaldehyde vapour, the result illustrated that there were pathological changes in the respiratory epithelium. And there was also pre-cancerous lesion seen in the epithelium where the normal psuedostratified columnar ciliated epithelium was replaced by stratified squamous epithelium in the trachea. The existing treatment for cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not always effective and can cause significant side effects. Thus, the author ventured into cancer research via two approaches:In viro therapy, where, Newcastle Disease Virus was used whilst, in herbal therapy where Azadirachta Indica A.Juss (Neem) Extracts, Cola Nut (Cola Nitida) Fruit Aqueous Extract and Strobilanthes Crispus Extract were used in in-vitro and in-vivo study. The oncolytic effect of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) strain AF2240 was investigated on the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and 3T3 fibroblast. There were destruction of the cytoskeletal protein, structural and ultrastructural changes, as well as molecular changes of the oncogenes which enlightened the important biological discoveries of apoptosis in the cancer cells, however, not in the normal cells.The oncolytic effect of Newcastle Disease Virus AF2240 on Allografted 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells In Balb/c mice was well demonstrated and NDV-AF2240 was detected via In situ reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (in situ RT-PCR), polyclonal chicken antibody and goat anti-chicken antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and negative staining transmission electron microscopy (NSTEM). The pre-clinical study of this virus is proven to be safe and effective in animal study, however, further study is needed to understand the underlying mechanism in making the NDV strain of AF2240 as an anti-cancer agent in human.In herbal theraphy research, Berberis Vulgaris(L.) Fruit Extract, Azadirachta Indica A.Juss (Neem) Extracts, Strobilanthes Crispus Extract, and Cola Nut (Cola Nitida) Fruit Aqueous Extract, were found to contain high antioxidant and prevent the formation or viability of cancer cells. In vitro and in-vivo study showed that they have great potential to be developed either into functional food or further develop into drugs which can be used to either treat liver, breast and cervical cancers. Tissue and organ failure, resulting from various forms of injury such as traumatic, metabolic, inflammatory and other diseases normally lead to lost of tissue, organ and system function. To overcome these problems, researchers try to implement tissue engineering as a new approach and to assure the proper re-establishment of organ function, the structural and ultrastructural changes and expression of protein markers during re-modelling of tissue-engineered skin, tissue engineered cornea and tissue engineered bone. In orthopaedics, administration of antibiotics does not provide good local bone response due to poor vascularisation of bone tissue; low drug penetration and recurrent cases are high due to formation and presence of biofilm. The author again takes the lead to develop a biocompatible material in-cooperated with antibiotic to overcome the problem mentioned above. As cancer, tissue and organ lost can either be life threatening or compensating quality of life, biomedical research play an important role to support the medical scenario towards human health and wealth creation to the nation

Dissemination of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-AF2240) in liver during intratumoral injection of xenotransplant breast cancer in BALB/c mice.

Objective: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or avian paramyxovirus type1 possesses several unique properties that make it an excellent anticancer agent. The hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) protein of NDV plays an important role in viral infection. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the dissemination of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) AF2240 strain in the liver during intratumoral injection in 4T1 breast cancer in female BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 female BALB/c mice were divided randomly into 10 cancerous groups consisting of 20 mice per group. The mice were initially induced with 104 4T1 cells, NDV-AF2240 and tamoxifen co-culture. Cancerous groups were divided into: cancer control (CC), cancer treated with 0.5 μg/ml tamoxifen citrate (CT), cancer treated with 8, 16, 32 and 64HA units of NDV-AF2240 (respectively named C/NDV8, C/NDV16, C/NDV32, C/NDV64), cancer treated with 8, 16, 32 and 64HA units of NDV-AF2240 and tamoxifen (respectively as CT/NDV8, CT/NDV16, CT/ NDV32 and CT/NDV64 daily for four weeks). In situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (In situ RT-PCR), negative staining electron microscopy (NSEM), polyclonal chicken antibody and goat anti-chicken antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to detect the virus in the tumor and liver. Results: In situ RT-PCR, NSEM and CLSM successfully detected NDV-AF2240 in tumor cells and liver. Conclusion: The findings showed NDV-AF2240 disseminated into liver during intratumoral injection

Effects of Strobilanthes crispus tea aqueous extracts on glucose and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats.

Strobilanthes crispus (Acanthaceae) has been used traditionally as antidiabetic, diuretic, antilytic, and laxative and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity, anti-AIDS, and anticancer properties. It is commonly consumed in the form of herbal tea. The ethnopharmacological value of this plant, such as the development of nutraceutical S. crispus herbal tea (fermented and unfermented) and assessment of their antihyperglycemic properties were investigated. The antidiabetic properties of S. crispus fermented and unfermented tea was carried out in normal and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats for 21 days. Glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) were determined at day 0 (baseline), day 7, and day 21. The results showed that the hot water extract of both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea reduced blood glucose in hyperglycaemic rats. S. crispus unfermented tea also reduced glucose level in normal rat. Both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea also showed to improve lipid profile. Antioxidant and polyphenol content that present in the extracts might contribute to the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic properties. Further study is needed to be carried out in pre-clinical and clinical environment to prove its efficacy in human