Sensitivity to DAF measured as the correlation between neural response and auditory error.

(A) Correlation between high gamma response and auditory error for each electrode is shown on the template brain. (B) Sensitivity to DAF measured as the correlation between high gamma response and delay versus the correlation between high gamma response and auditory error. The underlying data can be found in https://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. DAF, delayed auditory feedback. (TIF)</p

Speech error analysis.

(DOCX)</p

Neural responses in STG after controlling for delay condition.

High gamma responses after 200-millisecond delay trials are split into 4 groups based on articulation duration are shown for each single electrode in STG. The underlying data can be found in https://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. STG, superior temporal gyrus. (TIF)</p

Auditory error calculation.

(DOCX)</p

Neural responses in postCG after controlling for delay condition.

High gamma responses after 200-millisecond delay trials are split into 4 groups based on articulation duration are shown for each single electrode in postCG. The underlying data can be found in https://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. postCG, postcentral gyrus. (TIF)</p

Clustering with NMF.

(A) High gamma responses averaged across electrodes in the 2 clusters provided by the unsupervised NMF. Shaded regions indicate SEM over trials. (B) Spatial distribution on cortex of electrodes in the 2 clusters displayed on the left hemisphere of a template brain. (C) High gamma responses to articulation of words during DAF conditions averaged across electrodes in Cluster 1. Shaded regions indicate SEM over trials. (D) High gamma response to articulation of words during DAF averaged across electrodes in Cluster 2. Shaded regions indicate SEM over trials. The underlying data can be found in https://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. DAF, delayed auditory feedback; NMF, nonnegative matrix factorization; SEM, standard error of the mean.</p

Behavioral and neural responses during word reading with DAF.

(A) Speech spectrogram of a single participant articulating words during DAF conditions. (B) Mean articulation duration of words during DAF conditions averaged across participants. Error bars show SEM over participants. (C) Cortical surface model of the left hemisphere brain of a single participant. Gray circles indicate the implanted electrodes. Red highlighted electrodes are located on the STG (G22) and on the vPreCG (G108). (D) High gamma responses in an auditory electrode (G22) to articulation of words during DAF conditions (color coded). Shaded regions indicate SEM over trials. (E) High gamma responses in a motor electrode (G108) to articulation of words during DAF conditions (color coded). Shaded regions indicate SEM over trials. The underlying data can be found in https://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. DAF, delayed auditory feedback; SEM, standard error of the mean; STG, superior temporal gyrus; vPreCG, ventral precentral gyrus.</p

Neural responses to DAF by regions.

(A–F) High gamma responses to articulation of words and sentences during DAF in 6 different regions: STG (A), vPreCG (B), dPreCG (C), postCG (D), SMG (E), and IFG (F). Inset brain figures shows the location of electrodes across all participants on the left hemisphere of a template brain. Colors represent the various DAF conditions and shaded regions indicate SEM over trials. (G) Sensitivity to DAF during word reading and sentence reading tasks averaged across electrodes (error bars indicate SEM over electrodes) in 6 different regions. (H) Time intervals when the neural response to reading sentences during DAF diverged significantly across conditions within each of the 6 different regions. The underlying data can be found in https://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. DAF, delayed auditory feedback; dPreCG, dorsal precentral gyrus; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; postCG, postcentral gyrus; SEM, standard error of the mean; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; STG, superior temporal gyrus; vPreCG, ventral precentral gyrus.</p

Neural responses in dPreCG after controlling for delay condition.

High gamma responses after 200-millisecond delay trials are split into 4 groups based on articulation duration are shown for each single electrode in dPreCG. The underlying data can be found in https://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. dPreCG, dorsal precentral gyrus. (TIF)</p

Pairwise comparisons of neural responses to different delay conditions.

(A–F) Black horizontal lines indicate the time intervals when the neural response to the 2 delay conditions diverged significantly in 6 different regions of interest for at least 200 consecutive milliseconds (1-way ANOVA phttps://github.com/flinkerlab/DelayedAuditoryFeedback. FDR, false discovery rate. (TIF)</p