SEMANTIC SHIFT ON MALAY WORDS IN CLASSICAL MALAY TEXT HIKAYAT HANG TUAH COMPARE TO MODERN MALAY ( TO CULTURAL CONTEXT

Language—like many other aspects of life—changes over time. All living languages will experience changes. The slightest indication of language change can be seen in older and younger generation. The earlier generation of language user might speak differently from the younger generation and vice versa. Because language contains form and meaning, the changes are not only limited to the form, but also to the meaning. Indonesian language, as a living language, has its periodical changes and one of them is Classical Malay. Hikayat Hang Tuah is one of the most well-known classical Malay texts. Due to language change, there are some differences in Malay language written in Hikayat Hang Tuah and Modern Malay Based on the previous explanation, it is intriguing to analyze the semantic shift in words written in Hikayat Hang Tuah compare to Indonesian Language. However, there are multi-factors triggering the change of language, including culture. Therefore, this paper will not only describe the semantic shift on Malay words in Hikayat Hang Tuah, but also the cultural context affecting the change

English Locative and Temporal Prepositions Used by Indonesian Learners

This paper attempts to describe and explain the errors made by Indonesian students in using English preposition of place and time. By doing so, it is expected that teacher can be more aware of some aspects that they should pay more attention to. This analysis will not only seek for the errors made by the learners, but it will also elaborate the factors triggering the errors, in the basis of underlying principles of linguistics. In addition, further analyses might enable the more understanding on the different locative and temporal concepts between English and Indonesian speakers. To achieve that remarkable elaboration, this study will combine error analysis and contrastive analysis in examining the phenomena of the use of English temporal and locative prepositions

Semantic Shift on Malay Words in Classical Malay Text Hikayat Hang Tuah Compare to Modern Malay (Indonesian Language) and the Relation to Cultural Context

Language—like many other aspects of life—changes over time. All living languages will experience changes. The slightest indication of language change can be seen in older and younger generation. The earlier generation of language user might speak differently from the younger generation and vice versa. Because language contains form and meaning, the changes are not only limited to the form, but also to the meaning. Indonesian language, as a living language, has its periodical changes and one of them is Classical Malay. Hikayat Hang Tuah is one of the most well-known classical Malay texts. Due to language change, there are some differences in Malay language written in Hikayat Hang Tuah and Modern Malay (Indonesian language). The differences can be seen clearly in the grammatical aspects such as affixes, word order, etc. In addition, the changes also cover semantic area. There are some words used in classical Malay which still exist today but the meanings probably shift. Based on the previous explanation, it is intriguing to analyze the semantic shift in words written in Hikayat Hang Tuah compare to Indonesian Language. However, there are multi-factors triggering the change of language, including culture. Therefore, this paper will not only describe the semantic shift on Malay words in Hikayat Hang Tuah, but also the cultural context affecting the change

Data-driven Learning in the Classroom: The Use of British National Corpus in Teaching Vocabulary

Corpus (or corpora 14pl.) is well-known as the best linguistic database as it enables researchers to seek for data in real use context. In 1960s and later decades, linguistics scholarships have focused on data resulting from elicitation, including introspective method. Corpus, then, becomes a breakthrough in the field of theoretical linguistics, language variation studies, and so forth. However, the use of corpus is not limited to language research, rather it can also be used to enrich language classroom activities by having data-driven learning. By conducting this data-driven learning in the classroom, students are capable of figuring out many linguistic aspects which cannot be obtained by only listening to teacher 19s explanation or reading text book. Moreover teacher can make use of corpus to vary the learning sources and materials. This paper therefore aims at describing the use of English corpus, British National Corpus, in teaching English. Regarding the wide coverage of corpus role in language teaching, this paper will focus on the use of the corpus in teaching vocabulary: what are the activities that can be done in the classroom with corpus assistance? What can corpus offer to vocabulary teaching

Identifikasi Verba Penghubung dalam Bahasa Inggris

English has lexical verb and functional verb to fill the function of predicate in a clause. Since predicate is a nucleus constituent of a construction, the absence of one kind of verbs triggers the emergence of another. Thus, verb is productively used in English language. Linking verb is one of lexical verbs in English. Syntactically, it is a unique verb since it is a lexical verb—the same as the canonical one—but it can be substituted by copula be. Some experts stated that copula be and linking verb are equivalent. However, recent studies about linking verb focus on the list of the verbs and the structure. There were not many previous studies focusing on the nature of linking verb. Besides, the study of identifying linking verb in syntactic construction was left uncompleted. Therefore, this paper aims at describing the nature of linking verb and identifying linking verb in syntactic construction in order to distinguish it from another type of English lexical verbs

Good and Bad English: How to Deal with Language Variation and Change in Language Learning

Language practitioners often seem language phenomena as degeneration or decay. This is something misleading and need to be taken seriously into consideration. Purists and prescriptivists should see the phenomena not only from the normative point of view but also from the science of language itself, which is still forgotten. This article thus attempts to propose insights from linguistics related to the term good and bad language, with the focus on good and bad English. Is there any good and bad language? The answer to the question can only be given at best by elaborating the linguistics concept. This discussion is of benefit for language learning of which it is closely related

The Historical Development of Copula be in English: An Analysis of Old and Middle English Texts (A Preliminary Study)

Change in language will be an inevitable fact. All living languages are in perpetual state of changes, including English. One sort of language changes is related to the grammar of the language. An example of components of grammar in English is predicative construction. The predicative construction consists of at least one verb; be it lexical verb or functional verb. Hence, verb is a prominent category in an English construction; when there is no lexical verb, there will be functional verb, copula be, occupying the predicate function. It is evident, then, that copula be is prominent in English grammar. Considering its importance, there are oodles number of research on copula be, especially the syntactic and semantic analyses. Rather, there have been merely a small number of them focusing on the diachronic aspect. Basically, studying copula be diachronically could provide examples of language change as the nature of a living language. Furthermore, it will be able to depict the characteristics of English language. Based on the previous explanation, thus, this paper aims at describing the historical development of copula be by analyzing Old and Middle English texts. Even though the texts are limited to particular dialect(s) of English, this study is expected to give clear and comprehensive examples of language change in English and the characteristics of English language over a period of time

Realisasi Pementingan Informasi pada Kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris

To achieve the goal of using language, the speaker of a language is structuring the linguistic construction as effective as possible. Moreover, he is able to modify the linguistic construction based on the prominence of the information. By so doing, language will meet its function, serving as the tool of delivering message to the interlocutor. However, there are many ways possessed by language user to mark the important information; one of them is based on the syntactic operations and it is so-called syntactic choice. Thus, this paper aims at describing the ways to package important information in English as one of widely spoken language in the worldwide. This study belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The data were taken from realiable sources written or spoken by native speakers. From the analysis, it is evident than English has several ways of structuring prominent information and resulting in some noncanonical constructions, namely topicalization, dislocation, cleft, existential, and so forth

Cross-linguistic Perspective in English Language Teaching in Indonesia

Teaching a language does not necessarily refer to the methods, but it is also important to put concern on the language itself. In fact, language teachers (or lecturers) mostly focus on ‘how to teach’ rather than ‘what to teach’. It can be seen from the minimum number of linguistic subjects offered in an English education department. It is, nevertheless, important to bear in mind that by having comprehensive and holistic understanding on language (‘what to teach’), teacher will be able to deliver not only list of rules or vocabulary, but also the insights behind the rules. Learners are not treated as machines, but as rationale automata. Linguistic theories therefore are important, let alone in the teaching of foreign language as English in Indonesia. This circumstance requires sufficient knowledge of cross-linguistic perspective of the language teacher (English and Indonesian) to accommodate the language teaching. Based on the explanation, thus this paper aims to describe the implementation and the benefits of linguistic typology—the subfield of linguistics dealing with cross-linguistic perspective—in English language teaching in Indonesia to re-emphasize the position of language teaching as one of the subfields of linguistics