Mycorrhizal structures (×400) in roots of

<p><b><i>C. arenarius</i></b><b>.</b> A collected from Gurbantunggut Desert on 12 April 2009 in experiment 1, B from experiment 2, and C from experiment 3.</p

Mycorrhizal colonization in the root system of <i>C. arenarius</i> in experiments 2 and 3.

<p>Different lowercase letters in each column indicate significant differences in colonization (<i>P</i><0.05) between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments.</p

Shoot P concentration (A, B) and content (C, D) with (closed squares) or without (open squares) AM fungi in experiment 2 and 3.

<p>Asterisk indicates significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05) between mycorrhizal treatment and non-mycorrhizal treatment.</p

Shoot and root biomass, seed number, and root/shoot ratio of <i>C. arenarius</i> with or without AM fungi under field conditions and in the pot experiment.

<p>Different lowercase letters in each column indicate significant differences in colonization (<i>P</i><0.05) between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments.</p

PCR primers used in this study.

<p>PCR primers used in this study.</p

Neighbour-joining tree showing representatives of all sequence types identified in this work (in bold), and reference sequences from Genbank (in italics), using <i>Glomus drummondi</i> as the outgroup.

<p>The five topology has been tested by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates, and all bootstrap values >70% are shown. All new sequences have been submitted to the GenBank database (Accession nos JN805771–JN805847).</p

Dynamics of mycorrhizal colonization in the root system of <i>C. arenarius</i> from the field at different harvest times in Experiment 1.

<p>Different lowercase letters in each column represent significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05) among different times.</p

One-Pot Degradation of Cellulose into Furfural Compounds in Hot Compressed Steam with Dihydric Phosphates

Direct conversion of cellulose into furfural compounds (5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural) in hot compressed steam with the aid of phosphates was studied under temperatures of 250–330 °C and pressures of 0.5–3.5 MPa. The water in the steam could be adsorbed by cellulose to form water molecule layers, which could hydrolyze cellulose. Basic Na₂HPO₄ was found to be favorable for fragment product formation through hydrolysis of cellulose followed by retro-aldol condensation of saccharide, while the acidic dihydric phosphates (LiH₂PO₄, NaH₂PO₄, and Ca­(H₂PO₄)₂) were favorable for furfural compound formation through the hydrolysis–dehydration process. A total furfural compound yield of 34% was obtained under optimal conditions with the aid of NaH₂PO₄, accompanied by 16% solid residue formation. The solid residue containing dihydric phosphates could be used as phosphatic fertilizer

d‑Alanylation in the Assembly of Ansatrienin Side Chain Is Catalyzed by a Modular NRPS

Ansatrienins are a group of ansamycins with an <i>N</i>-cyclohexanoyl d-alanyl side chain. Though ansatrienins have been identified for decades, the mechanism for the addition of this unique side chain was not established. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of a tridomain nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), AstC, and an <i>N</i>-acyltransferase, AstF1, encoded in the biosynthetic pathway of ansatrienins. We demonstrate that AstC can efficiently catalyze the transfer of d-alanine to the C-11 hydroxyl group of ansatrienins, and AstF1 is able to attach the cyclohexanoyl group to the amino group of d-alanine. Remarkably, AstC presents the first example that a modular NRPS can catalyze intermolecular d-alanylation of the hydroxyl group to form an ester bond, though alanyl natural products have been known for decades. In addition, both AstC and AstF1 have broad substrate specificity toward acyl donors, which can be utilized to create novel ansatrienins

Additional file 1 of Vineyard microclimate alterations induced by black inter-row mulch through transcriptome reshaped the flavoromics of cabernet sauvignon grapes

Supplementary Material