Feeders_Biotropica

This excel file content the results used for statistical analysis. The results are divided in data sheets for each variable analyzed

Main effect of background.

<p>Number of visits, of the 40 total, to the flower with the training-flower scent (versus the one the training-flower shape) for simple and complex backgrounds.</p

General linear model results.

<p>† <i>P</i> < 0.10</p><p>* <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>** <i>P</i> < 0.01.</p><p>Shows effects of various factors on the number of bat visits (out of 20 total visits) to the scented flower. These factors include bat species (<i>Anoura geoffroyi</i> or <i>A</i>. <i>caudifera</i>), scent type used (banana or sulfur), background (simple or complex), and trial number (first or second set of 20 visits). None of the 3-way and 4-way interactions were significant (results not shown).</p

Main Effect of Trial Number.

<p>Number of visits to the flower with the training-flower scent (versus the one the training-flower shape) for the first set of 20 flower visits (trial 1) and the second set of 20 visits (trial 2). Lines represent individual bats, with dotted lines corresponding to experiments in simple backgrounds and dashed lines to experiments in complex backgrounds.</p

Experimental Set-up.

<p>A) Trellis used to position the artificial flowers, with a simple background and two artificial flowers, and B) trellis with a complex background.</p

Interaction between Background and Scent.

<p>Number of visits, of the 40 total, to the flower with the training-flower scent (versus the one the training-flower shape) for sulfuric scent (blue) and banana scent (red) in simple and complex backgrounds.</p

The Complexity of Background Clutter Affects Nectar Bat Use of Flower Odor and Shape Cues

<div><p>Given their small size and high metabolism, nectar bats need to be able to quickly locate flowers during foraging bouts. Chiropterophilous plants depend on these bats for their reproduction, thus they also benefit if their flowers can be easily located, and we would expect that floral traits such as odor and shape have evolved to maximize detection by bats. However, relatively little is known about the importance of different floral cues during foraging bouts. In the present study, we undertook a set of flight cage experiments with two species of nectar bats (<i>Anoura caudifer</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>geoffroyi</i>) and artificial flowers to compare the importance of shape and scent cues in locating flowers. In a training phase, a bat was presented an artificial flower with a given shape and scent, whose position was constantly shifted to prevent reliance on spatial memory. In the experimental phase, two flowers were presented, one with the training-flower scent and one with the training-flower shape. For each experimental repetition, we recorded which flower was located first, and then shifted flower positions. Additionally, experiments were repeated in a simple environment, without background clutter, or a complex environment, with a background of leaves and branches. Results demonstrate that bats visit either flower indiscriminately with simple backgrounds, with no significant difference in terms of whether they visit the training-flower odor or training-flower shape first. However, in a complex background olfaction was the most important cue; scented flowers were consistently located first. This suggests that for well-exposed flowers, without obstruction from clutter, vision and/or echolocation are sufficient in locating them. In more complex backgrounds, nectar bats depend more heavily on olfaction during foraging bouts.</p></div

Trait Measurements

Trait measurements for 33 species/morphs of Iochromineae (32 distinct species, with two color morphs for Iochroma umbellatum). Includes five morphological measurements (pedicel length, petiole length, leaf length, berry width, and tube length) as well as spectral measurements of flower color summarized as four PCA axes and as coordinates in hummingbird color space (3D; X,Y,Z) and bee color space (2D; A,B

Phylogenetic relationships of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae): using high-throughput sequencing to improve resolution in a recent radiation

This is the presentation I gave at the Botany 2016 conference in Savannah, GA. It shows different approaches on how to combine Sanger and HTS data, and how we can use those combined data to infer a more robust phylogenetic hypothesis of a young group of plants

Sequence alignment (RAxML)

Phylip-formatted sequence alignment for 5-locus + gap maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical Lobelioideae (RAxML