Distribution of functional distances (Y-axis in fraction) in bins of 20% sequence identity (X-axis)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Quantitative sequence-function relationships in proteins based on gene ontology"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/294</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2007;8():294-294.</p><p>Published online 8 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1976327.</p><p></p> The graphs present the distribution of all functions (Similar + Dissimilar)

Distribution of fraction of Dissimilar function (Ordinate: fraction) versus sequence identity (X-axis in bins of 10%)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Quantitative sequence-function relationships in proteins based on gene ontology"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/294</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2007;8():294-294.</p><p>Published online 8 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1976327.</p><p></p> The top of each box is the upper 75percentile, the bottom is the lower 25percentile. The median of each box is also shown but is superimposed on the 25percentile. The circles are single extreme cases. The line joins the mean fraction of Dissimilar function at each level of sequence identity. The mean is well above the median due to the extreme skewness of the distribution towards mostly similar function

The dependence of function divergence on sequence divergence for the EF-hand family in which the proteins with only the supported annotations were utilized

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Quantitative sequence-function relationships in proteins based on gene ontology"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/294</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2007;8():294-294.</p><p>Published online 8 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1976327.</p><p></p> Abscissa; GO Distance; Ordinate; fraction of comparisons. Different colors show distributions of sets of pairs of proteins with different ranges of sequence similarity, divided into bins of width 10% residue identity

Supplementary Table 1. Primer sequences from Chemical communication is not sufficient to explain reproductive inhibition in the bumblebee <i>Bombus impatiens</i>

Reproductive division of labour is a hallmark of eusociality, but disentangling the underlying proximate mechanisms can be challenging. In bumblebees, workers isolated from the queen can activate their ovaries and lay haploid, male eggs. We investigated if volatile, contact, visual or behavioural cues produced by the queen or brood mediate reproductive dominance in <i>Bombus impatiens.</i> Exposure to queen-produced volatiles, brood-produced volatiles and direct contact with pupae did not reduce worker ovary activation: only direct contact with the queen could reduce ovary activation. We evaluated behaviour, physiology and gene expression patterns in workers that were reared in chambers with all stages of brood and a free queen, caged queen (where workers could contact the queen, but the queen was unable to initiate interactions) or no queen. Workers housed with a caged queen or no queen fully activated their ovaries, whereas ovary activation in workers housed with a free queen was completely inhibited. The caged queen marginally reduced worker aggression and expression of an aggression-associated gene relative to queenless workers. Thus, queen-initiated behavioural interactions appear necessary to establish reproductive dominance. Queen-produced chemical cues may function secondarily in a context-specific manner to augment behavioural cues, as reliable or honest signal

Supplementary Figure 1 from Chemical communication is not sufficient to explain reproductive inhibition in the bumblebee <i>Bombus impatiens</i>

Reproductive division of labour is a hallmark of eusociality, but disentangling the underlying proximate mechanisms can be challenging. In bumblebees, workers isolated from the queen can activate their ovaries and lay haploid, male eggs. We investigated if volatile, contact, visual or behavioural cues produced by the queen or brood mediate reproductive dominance in <i>Bombus impatiens.</i> Exposure to queen-produced volatiles, brood-produced volatiles and direct contact with pupae did not reduce worker ovary activation: only direct contact with the queen could reduce ovary activation. We evaluated behaviour, physiology and gene expression patterns in workers that were reared in chambers with all stages of brood and a free queen, caged queen (where workers could contact the queen, but the queen was unable to initiate interactions) or no queen. Workers housed with a caged queen or no queen fully activated their ovaries, whereas ovary activation in workers housed with a free queen was completely inhibited. The caged queen marginally reduced worker aggression and expression of an aggression-associated gene relative to queenless workers. Thus, queen-initiated behavioural interactions appear necessary to establish reproductive dominance. Queen-produced chemical cues may function secondarily in a context-specific manner to augment behavioural cues, as reliable or honest signal

Supplementary Table 2. Complete data set from Chemical communication is not sufficient to explain reproductive inhibition in the bumblebee <i>Bombus impatiens</i>

Reproductive division of labour is a hallmark of eusociality, but disentangling the underlying proximate mechanisms can be challenging. In bumblebees, workers isolated from the queen can activate their ovaries and lay haploid, male eggs. We investigated if volatile, contact, visual or behavioural cues produced by the queen or brood mediate reproductive dominance in Bombus impatiens. Exposure to queen-produced volatiles, brood-produced volatiles and direct contact with pupae did not reduce worker ovary activation: only direct contact with the queen could reduce ovary activation. We evaluated behaviour, physiology and gene expression patterns in workers that were reared in chambers with all stages of brood and a free queen, caged queen (where workers could contact the queen, but the queen was unable to initiate interactions) or no queen. Workers housed with a caged queen or no queen fully activated their ovaries, whereas ovary activation in workers housed with a free queen was completely inhibited. The caged queen marginally reduced worker aggression and expression of an aggression-associated gene relative to queenless workers. Thus, queen-initiated behavioural interactions appear necessary to establish reproductive dominance. Queen-produced chemical cues may function secondarily in a context-specific manner to augment behavioural cues, as reliable or honest signal

Effect of Bombus impatiens queen-produced cues on worker behavior, physiology, and gene expression

This file contains all the data associated with the manuscript. We include data on Bombus impatiens worker oocyte activation, egg-laying, aggressive behavior, and expression of the candidate genes vitellogenin and kr-h1. The data set allows comparison of these parameters in queenless workers, queenright workers, and workers exposed to volatile and contact cues generated by the queen

Additional file 2: of Risk versus reward: host dependent parasite mortality rates and phenotypes in the facultative generalist Triphysaria versicolor

Figure S2. Images of experimental apparati and planting scheme. A) Seven Triphysaria were planted around each host equidistant from each other and the host plant. For control pots, the arrangement was identical, except without host plants. B) the watering control system. (TIFF 6785 kb

Additional file 1: of Risk versus reward: host dependent parasite mortality rates and phenotypes in the facultative generalist Triphysaria versicolor

Figure S1. All hosts were verified by direct observation of haustorium formation by Triphysaria. A) Arabidopsis, B) Juncus, C) Medicago, D) Oryza, E) Solanum, F) Zea. (TIFF 4874 kb

Additional file 3: of Risk versus reward: host dependent parasite mortality rates and phenotypes in the facultative generalist Triphysaria versicolor

Archive containing the ImageJ macro. (IJM 2 kb