<i>Schistosoma haematobium</i>-associated bladder morbidity, hematuria and <i>S. haematobium</i> infection in the two co-endemic communities studied.

a<p>GM) Geometric Mean; calculated for microscopically <i>S. haematobium</i>-positive individuals only.</p

Risk factors for schistosomiasis morbidity in the total study population.

<p>OR) Odds Ratio; 95%CI) 95% Confidence Interval; Ref.) Reference category; N/A) Not Applicable; *) <i>p</i><0.05; **) <i>p</i><0.01; ***) <i>p</i><0.001.</p>a<p>For <i>S. haematobium</i>-specific bladder morbidity, the trend with age was significant at the level of <i>p</i> = 0.025 in the uni- and <i>p</i> = 0.043 in the multivariable analysis. For <i>S. mansoni</i>-specific hepatic fibrosis, the trend with age was significant in the crude analysis (<i>p</i><0.001). In the adjusted analysis the ORs for hepatic fibrosis increased with age in Diokhor Tack (<i>p</i><0.001) but they did not vary with age in Ndieumeul.</p>b<p>OR for a 10-fold increase in infection intensity.</p

<i>S. mansoni</i> egg elimination, infection intensity and bladder morbidity in subjects passing <i>S. haematobium</i> eggs in urine.

a<p>GM) Geometric Mean; 95%CI) 95% Confidence Interval.</p

Bladder and liver co-morbidity in the two co-endemic communities studied.

<p>Number of cases.</p

Age distribution of schistosomiasis morbidity in the two co-endemic communities studied.

<p>Colored stacks indicate morbidity prevalences and continuous black lines indicate mean 10log-transformed infection intensities among positive subjects with the standard error of the mean (whiskers). <b>Panel A:</b> Different forms of <i>S. haematobium</i>-specific bladder morbidity are denoted by a color gradient: light yellow stacks designate a urinary bladder score of 1, bright yellow a score of 2 and orange (3 and 4), red (5) and violet (6) indicate higher morbidity scores. The dotted red line indicates hematuria prevalence in a subsample (n = 317). <b>Panel B:</b> The severity of <i>S. mansoni</i>-specific fibrosis is denoted by a color gradient. Yellow stacks designate liver image pattern C, orange pattern D, red pattern E, and violet stacks indicate pattern F. Striped stacks designate those with borderline liver morbidity (pattern B, not classified as morbidity).</p

The effect of mixed <i>Schistosoma</i> infection on bladder morbidity and on hepatic fibrosis.

<p>OR) Odds Ratio; 95%CI) 95% Confidence Interval; Ref.) Reference category; N/A) Not Applicable; *) <i>p</i><0.05; **) <i>p</i><0.01; ***) <i>p</i><0.001.</p>a<p>The trends with age were not significant for <i>S. haematobium</i>-specific bladder morbidity, but for <i>S. mansoni</i>-specific hepatic fibrosis, they were at the level of <i>p</i><0.001 in both analyses.</p>b<p>OR for a 10-fold increase in infection intensity.</p>c<p>Mixed infections as compared to single <i>S. haematobium</i> infections.</p>d<p>Mixed infections as compared to single <i>S. mansoni</i> infections.</p

<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>-associated hepatic fibrosis and <i>S. mansoni</i> infection in the two co-endemic communities studied.

a<p>GM) Geometric Mean; calculated for microscopically <i>S. mansoni</i>-positive individuals only. N/A) Not Applicable.</p

CD14^brightCD16⁺ intermediate monocytes from co-infected individuals bind egg E/S ligands more efficiently than those from un-infected individuals.

<p><b>A</b>). The proportions of each monocyte sub-set that bound Alexafluor⁴⁸⁸-conjugated egg E/S compared between participants grouped according to schistosome infection status (un-infected, infected and co-infected). Horizontal bars denote mean proportions of ligand⁺ cells for each group. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons (Fisher's least significant difference tests) are shown where ANOVA was significant, *p<0.05, **p<0.01. <b>B</b>). MFI for each monocyte sub-set incubated with cercarial E/S illustrating the relative quantity of antigen binding compared by infection status. Bars denote median MFI for each infection group. Post-hoc pairwise Mann Whitney U comparisons are shown where non-parametric Kruskal Wallis tests were significant, *p<0.05, **p<0.01. Cell proportions in the ligand⁺ gate and MFI for cells incubated without ligand were subtracted from those of cells incubated with fluorescently-labelled egg E/S products prior to comparison between infection groups.</p

Microsatellite genotypes and host phenotypes

The worksheet “microsatellite genotypes” contains data from individual parasites (S. mansoni larvae) collected in Senegal, genotyped with nine microsatellite loci combined in a single multiplex: L46951, smd25, smd28 and smd89 (Durand et al., 2000); CA11-1 and S9-1 (Blair et al., 2001); smd11, smd43 and sdma28 (Curtis et al., 2001). This dataset represents 1692 parasites from 63 human hosts with at least five out of the nine loci successfully amplified. The worksheet “host phenotypes” contains host phenotypic data from the 63 human hosts. The host variables include gender, village*, liver morbidity (IP score), bladder morbidity (UBS score), Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity (epg**), Schistosoma haematobium infection intensity (ep 10ml**) and circulating anodic antigen (CAA) concentrations (picogram of CAA per mL). village* : Pakh (code 200), Ndieumeul (code 501), Diokhor Takh (code 502) epg**: number of eggs per gram of faeces; ep10ml**: number of eggs per 10 ml of urine

SSC^hi monocytes bind cercarial E/S and egg E/S material.

<p><b>A</b>). Representative flow cytometry dot plots showing binding of Alexafluor⁴⁸⁸-conjugated cercarial E/S products (0-3hRP), Alexafluor⁴⁸⁸-conjugated egg E/S products (ESP), Alexafluor⁴⁸⁸-conjugated zymosan-coated bio-particles, and Fluorescein-conjugated D-mannose, to SSC^hi monocytes following incubation for 60 mins. Populations of ligand⁺ cells were identified for each ligand via a ligand⁺ gate set relative to cells incubated without antigen (No ligand control). Plots of ligand binding are representative of data accrued from all study participants. Numerical values are the median for binding of each ligand ± the range. <b>B</b>). Data shows the proportions of SSC^hi cells in the ligand⁺ gate for each participant relative to cells from the same individuals incubated without ligands (horizontal bars indicate the median value; Paired Wilcoxon test, ***p<0.001, ligand⁺<i>versus</i> no ligand control, n = 41).</p