Erosion Mechanism of Carbon Brick in Hearth of 4000 m³ Industrial Blast Furnace

After dissection of a large blast furnace, the erosion mechanism of carbon bricks after service in a blast furnace (BF) hearth was studied. Obvious “elephant foot” erosion characteristics emerged in the height direction of the BF. The existing forms of carbon bricks after service were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and chemical analysis. The results showed that Zn and iron erosion above and below the taphole was observed in the BF, while iron and Zn erosion acted only as a key factor of carbon brick erosion. The convective heat transfer coefficient in the lower part of the hearth of the BF was large, which increased the temperature of the hearth sidewall, resulting in the increase in the carbon-unsaturation of the molten iron at the sidewall, and intensified erosion to the hearth sidewall. The average pore size (1.083 μm) of the carbon bricks on the hot-face of the hearth sidewall was smaller than the critical size (2.12 μm) of the molten iron that penetrated the pores of the carbon bricks, which was not conducive to the penetration of molten iron

First Discovery and Stucture-Activity Relationship Study of Phenanthroquinolizidines as Novel Antiviral Agents against <em>Tobacco Mosaic Virus</em> (TMV)

<div><p>A series of phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids <b>1</b>–<b>24</b> were prepared and first evaluated for their antiviral activity against <em>tobacco mosaic virus</em> (TMV). The bioassay results showed that most of these compounds exhibited good to excellent <em>in vivo</em> anti-TMV activity, of which compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>15</b> and <b>16</b> displayed significantly higher activity than (<em>R</em>)-antofine and commercial Ningnanmycin at the same test condition. The substituents on the phenanthrene moiety play an important role for maintaining high <em>in vivo</em> antiviral activity. The introduction of 6-hydroxyl, which is proposed to interact with TMV RNA, did increased anti-TMV activity. The 14a<em>R</em>-configuration was confirmed to be the preferred antiviral configuration for phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052933#s1">Introduction</a> of hydroxy group at 15-position of phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids increased activity for <em>S</em>-configuration but decreased activity for <em>R</em>-configuration. Present study provides fundamental support for development and optimization of phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids as potential inhibitors of plant virus.</p> </div

Chemical structures of compounds 1–24, Ribavirin, Ningnanmycin, Cryptopleuridine and (<i>R</i>)-Antofine.

<p>Chemical structures of compounds 1–24, Ribavirin, Ningnanmycin, Cryptopleuridine and (<i>R</i>)-Antofine.</p

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-TMV activity of chiral phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9.

<p><i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-TMV activity of chiral phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9.</p

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-TMV activity of 15-hydroxyphenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids 19–24.

<p><i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-TMV activity of 15-hydroxyphenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids 19–24.</p

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-TMV activity of racemic phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids 1, 4, 7, and 10–18.

<p><i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-TMV activity of racemic phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids 1, 4, 7, and 10–18.</p

Synthesis of compounds 10–14.

<p>Synthesis of compounds 10–14.</p

Synthesis of compound 17.

<p>Synthesis of compound 17.</p

Synthesis of compound 15.

<p>Synthesis of compound 15.</p

Synthesis of compound 16.

<p>Synthesis of compound 16.</p