Data_Sheet_1_Soil texture and microorganisms dominantly determine the subsoil carbonate content in the permafrost-affected area of the Tibetan Plateau.PDF

Under climate warming conditions, storage and conversion of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) play an important role in regulating soil carbon (C) dynamics and atmospheric CO2 content in arid and semi-arid areas. Carbonate formation in alkaline soil can fix a large amount of C in the form of inorganic C, resulting in soil C sink and potentially slowing global warming trends. Therefore, understanding the driving factors affecting carbonate mineral formation can help better predict future climate change. Till date, most studies have focused on abiotic drivers (climate and soil), whereas a few examined the effects of biotic drivers on carbonate formation and SIC stock. In this study, SIC, calcite content, and soil microbial communities were analyzed in three soil layers (0–5 cm, 20–30 cm, and 50–60 cm) on the Beiluhe Basin of Tibetan Plateau. Results revealed that in arid and semi-arid areas, SIC and soil calcite content did not exhibit significant differences among the three soil layers; however, the main factors affecting the calcite content in different soil layers are different. In the topsoil (0–5 cm), the most important predictor of calcite content was soil water content. In the subsoil layers 20–30 cm and 50–60 cm, the ratio of bacterial biomass to fungal biomass (B/F) and soil silt content, respectively, had larger contributions to the variation of calcite content than the other factors. Plagioclase provided a site for microbial colonization, whereas Ca2+ contributed in bacteria-mediated calcite formation. This study aims to highlight the importance of soil microorganisms in managing soil calcite content and reveals preliminary results on bacteria-mediated conversion of organic to inorganic C.</p

Polymerized-Small-Molecule Acceptors Featuring Siloxane-Terminated Side Chains for Mechanically Robust All-Polymer Solar Cells

Flexible and stretchable organic solar cells (OSCs) show great promise in wearable and stretchable electronic applications. However, current high-performance OSCs consisting of polymer donors (PDs) and small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) face significant challenges in achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and excellent stretch-ability. In this study, we synthesized a new polymerized-small-molecule acceptor (P-SMA) PY-SiO featuring siloxane-terminated side chains and compared its photovoltaic and mechanical performance to that of the reference PY-EH with ethylhexyl-terminated side chains. We found that the incorporation of siloxane-terminated side chains in PY-SiO enhanced the molecular aggregation and charge transport, leading to an optimized film morphology. The resultant of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) based on PBDB-T/PY-SiO showed a higher PCE of 12.04% than the PY-EH-based one (10.85%). Furthermore, the siloxane-terminated side chains also increased the interchain distance and provided a larger free volume for chain rotation and reconfiguration, resulting in a higher film crack-onset strain (COS: 18.32% for PBDB-T/PY-SiO vs 11.15% for PBDB-T/PY-EH). Additionally, the PY-SiO-based stretchable all-PSCs exhibited an impressive PCE of 9.8% and retained >70% of its original PCE even under a substantial 20% strain, exceeding the performance of the PY-EH-based stretchable all-PSCs. Our result suggests the great potential of the siloxane-terminated side chain for achieving high-performance and stretchable OSCs

Interaction Between Optically-Generated Charge-Transfer States and Magnetized Charge-Transfer States toward Magneto-Electric Coupling

This article reports the magneto-dielectric studies on the coupling between optically generated CT states and magnetized CT states based on thin-film devices with the architecture of ITO/TPD:BBOT/TPD/Co/Al. The magnetized CT states are generated at the Co/TPD interface, generating a magneto-dielectric response with a broad, non-Lorentzian line-shape. The optically generated CT states are formed at the TPD:BBOT interfaces in the heterojunction under photoexcitation, leading to a magneto-dielectric signal with a narrow, Lorentzian line-shape. We find that combining the optically generated CT states and magnetized CT states yields a new magneto-dielectric signal with distinctive line-shape and amplitude in the ITO/TPD:BBOT/TPD/Co/Al device. The magneto-dielectric analysis indicates that there exists a coupling between optically generated CT states and magnetized CT states through the interactions between the magnetic Co/TPD interface and the optically excited TPD:BBOT heterojunction. Furthermore, we show that the coupling between optically generated CT states and magnetized CT states experiences Coulomb interactions and spin–orbital interaction by changing (i) the density of optically generated CT states and (ii) the separation distance between optically generated CT states and magnetized CT states. Clearly, this coupling provides a new approach to mutually tune magnetic and electronic properties through thin-film engineering by combining magnetic and organic materials

0-mpf lithium treatment exacerbates the ventralized phenotype of <i>tokkeabi</i> mutant embryos.

<p>(A) Phenotypic analysis of lithium treated <i>tkk</i> embryos. We adopted the Dorsoventral Index previously described <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036655#pone.0036655-Kishimoto1" target="_blank">[33]</a>, but some of the categories were combined in order to simplify the statistics, as stated below: (Aa) V4: a representative radially ventralized embryo; (Ab) V2-V3: a moderately ventralized embryo with distinguishable D–V axis but no eyes; (Ac) C1-Normal-V1: embryos with eyes (regardless of the size) and relatively normal D–V axis; (Ad) C2–C4: A partially dorsalized embryo with shortened anterioposterior length; (Ae) C5: A radially dorsalized embryo. (B–D) the expression of <i>gsc</i> in wild-type (B), <i>tkk</i> mutant (C), and 0-mpf lithium treated <i>tkk</i> mutant embryos (D). (E) The central angle of <i>gsc</i> expression showing a significant decrease in 0-mpf lithium treated embryos with respect to wild-type untreated, 0-mpf lithium treated wild-type and <i>tkk</i> untreated embryos. (F) The measurement of the central angle of <i>gsc</i> expression. The error bars in (E) designate the standard deviation of each data set. ** means that the p value is lower than 0.001 according to the Student's t test. Embryo numbers were designated for each column in (A) and (E).</p

0-mpf nocodazole treatment reverses the dorsalizing effect of the 0-mpf lithium treatment.

<p>The 0-mpf embryos were treated with 0.35 M LiCl solution in the absence or presence of 0.1 μM nocodazole for 5 min, and then observed at 12 hpf and 22 hpf. 0 35 M NaCl treatment served as control. (A and E) 0-mpf NaCl treated embryos at 12 hpf (A) and 22 hpf (E). (B and F) 0-mpf NaCl and nocodazole co-treated embryos at 12 hpf (B) and 22 hpf (F). (C and G) 0-mpf lithium treated embryos at 12 hpf (C) and 22 hpf (G). (D and H) 0-mpf lithium and nocodazole co-treated embryos at 12 hpf (D) and 22 hpf (H). (I) Statistical data were obtained at 12 hpf for the experiment with embryo numbers on the top of each column.</p

The dorsalizing activity of lithium treatment during zebrafish early development.

<p>(A) A severely dorsalized embryo (radialized). (B) A mildly dorsalized embryo. (C) A normal embryo. (D) Diagram demonstrating the dynamics of the dorsalizing capability of acute lithium treatment (0.3 M LiCl for 8 min). The abscissa axis designates the time at which lithium treatment began. The ordinate axis designates the percentage of three kinds of embryos with different degrees of dorsalization at 12.5 hpf. SW1: Sensitive Window 1; SW2: Sensitive Window 2; UW: Unresponsive Window. The data were obtained in three or more separate experiments, and the number of the embryos used for each data set is more than 100. (E) The dorsalizing effect of the lithium treatment is not caused by osmotic stress by comparing with NaCl treatment at the same salt concentration and treatment time. Embryos in A, B, C and E was at 12.5 hpf, and lateral viewed. The bar in A represents 500 μm.</p

Paclitaxel treatment on wild-type and <i>tkk</i> mutant embryos.

<p>(A) Dorsal view of an untreated 12 hpf embryo. (B) Dorsal view of a 0-mpf paclitaxel treated embryo with ventralized phenotype. (C) An embryo with normal phenotype. (D) An embryo with CE defect like phenotype, showing a smaller head, shorter anterior-posterior axis and malformed somites. (E) A ventralized embryo. Embryos in (C-E) were observed at 24 hpf. The statistical data based on the 24 hpf observation were shown in (F) with embryo numbers shown on the top of each column.</p

0-mpf inhibition of GSK-3 activity randomized the parallel microtubule arrays at the vegetal pole and the biased migration of <i>Wnt8a</i> transcripts.

<p>Microtubule staining with an anti-β-tubulin antibody to visualize the microtubule arrays formed at around 20 mpf at the vegetal pole. (A) Parallel microtubule arrays detected in NaCl treated embryos. (B) Randomized aligned microtubule arrays detected in 0-mpf lithium treated embryos. (C) Similar phenomenon detected in 0-mpf GSK-3 inhibitor treated embryos. (D–F) 0-mpf lithium and GSK-3 inhibitor IX treatments disrupted the polarized distribution of <i>Wnt8a</i> mRNA observed at 4-cell stage. (D) A 0-mpf NaCl treated wild-type embryo, (E) A 0-mpf lithium treated wild-type embryo, (F) A 0-mpf GSK-3 inhibitor IX treated wild-type embryo (G) <i>Wnt8a</i> mRNA restricted to the animal pole region of the 0-mpf NaCl treated 4-cell-stage <i>tkk</i> mutant embryos. (H I) Exposure of GSK-3 inhibitors failed to alter the distribution of <i>Wnt8a</i> mRNA in 4-cell-stage <i>tkk</i> mutant embryos.</p

The comparison of dorsal and ventral gene expression between 0-mpf lithium treatment and 32-cell-stage lithium treatment.

<p>Representative embryos from indicated groups stained by <i>gsc</i> probe (A–C, and G–I) or <i>eve1</i> probe (D–F and J–L) at 50% epiboly. All the embryos are animal pole view and with dorsal side upward if it can be distinguished.</p

Comparison between lithium and chemical inhibitors of GSK-3 or IMPase in the dorsalizing activity.

<p>(A–L) Phenotypic comparison of NaCl, lithium and GSK-3 inhibitor IX exposures. (M–X) Phenotypic comparison of NaCl, lithium and L690, 330 injections. Embryos in A-X were observed at stages indicated at the left side of the figure. (Y) Statistical data of the phenotypic analysis at 11.5 hpf with embryo numbers on the top of each column. (Za–Zf) Examination of <i>gsc</i> expression in 0-mpf NaCl, LiCl, GSK-3 inhibitor IX and L690,330 exposed (Za–Zc) or injected embryos (Zd–Zf).</p