Total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and subscale scores according to menopausal status.

<p>Total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and subscale scores according to menopausal status.</p

Vasomotor and physical menopausal symptoms are associated with sleep quality

<div><p>Background</p><p>Sleep disturbance is one of the common complaints in menopause. This study investigated the relationship between menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in middle-aged women.</p><p>Method</p><p>This cross-sectional observational study involved 634 women aged 44–56 years attending a healthcare center at Kangbuk Samsung Hospitals. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the associations between Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) scores and PSQI scores and Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQOL)scores.</p><p>Results</p><p>The mean PSQI score was 3.6±2.3, and the rates of poor sleep quality(PSQI score > 5) in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women were 14.4%, 18.2%, and 30.2%, respectively. Total PSQI score, specifically the sleep latency, habitual sleep efficiency and sleep disturbances scores, were significantly increased in postmenopausal women. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, marital status, family income, education, employment status, parity, physical activity, depression symptoms, perceived stress and menopausal status showed that higher PSQI score was positively correlated with higher vasomotor(ß = 0.240, <i>P</i> = 0.020)and physical(ß = 0.572, <i>P</i><0.001) scores.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Vasomotor and physical menopause symptoms was related to poor sleep quality. Effective management strategies aimed at reducing menopausal symptoms may improve sleep quality among women around the time of menopause.</p></div

Multiple linear regression analysis of the relationship between MENQOL subscale scores and total PSQI score.

Multiple linear regression analysis of the relationship between MENQOL subscale scores and total PSQI score.</p

Hospitalization for pneumothorax compared with date of BHD diagnosis.

The figure shows the onset and in-hospital period for pneumothorax per patient. The month zero is defined by the day of BHD diagnosis, and the shaded area is the previous 3 months of the diagnosis. The hospital admission period is depicted as the length of each bar.</p

Correlations between MENQOL subscale scores and PSQI (total and subscale) scores.

<p>Correlations between MENQOL subscale scores and PSQI (total and subscale) scores.</p

Demographic characteristics of the study population.

<p>Demographic characteristics of the study population.</p

Number of pneumothoraxes among BHD patients.

Number of pneumothoraxes among BHD patients.</p

Associated malignancy in patients with BHD syndrome before and after folliculin gene test.

Associated malignancy in patients with BHD syndrome before and after folliculin gene test.</p

Diseases included in rare incurable disease code.

NA: not applicable due to absence of a defined code. (DOCX)</p

The number of BHD patients according to age group and sex.

The number of BHD patients according to age group and sex.</p