Impact of urban and shipping emissions on NASA-Unified Weather Research and Forecasting model results

This dataset supports Huang et al. (2019, JGR-Atmospheres): "Impact of aerosols from urban and shipping emission sources on terrestrial carbon uptake and evapotranspiration: a case study in East Asia". The file named "NUWRFout.tar.gz" contains NUWRF base and sensitivity simulation results on 31 May 2016. The file named "LIS_soil_LAI.zip" contains model grid information, soil conditions and leaf area index (LAI) at NUWRF initialization times in late May 2016.</p

Direct observation of the reversible and irreversible processes in femtosecond laser-irradiated fused silica at the near-damage-threshold fluence

For fused silica irradiated by near-100-fs, 795-nm laser pulses with fluence approaching the damage threshold, the transient transmission spectroscopy based on a wavelength-degenerate pump-probe technique clearly presents two dynamic processes corresponding to the instantaneous effects of laser optical field and the delayed effects of free electron dynamics, respectively. The reversible, instantaneous process originates in third-order nonlinear optical responses (in particular the optical Kerr effect) ascribed to virtual optical-field ionization (VOFI) that significantly contributes to the nonlinear optical polarization with energy exchange recoverability. Whereas, the irreversible, delayed process originates in the effects of free electron plasma generated by initial real optical-field ionization (ROFI) and subsequent impact ionization (II), being responsible for the energy dissipation and optical breakdown. In general, the femtosecond wavelength-degenerate pump-probe spectroscopy can detect VOFI, ROFI, and II simultaneously in strong-field nonlinear polarization and ionization of fused silica, and offer flexible ways to distinguish the different mechanisms. For the near-100-fs pulses, our results confirm that II provided with a typical delay time about 300 fs is responsible for the optical breakdown of fused silica

Great enhancement of strong-field ionization in femtosecond-laser subwavelength-structured fused silica

A wavelength-degenerate pump-probe spectroscopy is used to study the ultrafast dynamics of strong-field ionization in femtosecond-laser subwavelength-structured fused silica. The comparative spectra demonstrate that femtosecond-laser subwavelength structuring always give rise to great enhancement for strong-field ionization as well as third-order nonlinear optical effects, which is the direct evidence of great local field enhancement in subwavelength apertures of fs-laser highly-excited surface. In short, the study shows the prominent subwavelength spatial effect of strong-field ionization in femtosecond-laser ablation of dielectrics, which greatly contributes to the well-known "incubation effect"

Non-saturation intensity dependence of anisotropic third-order optical nonlinearity approaching the damage threshold in ZnSe and GaP

The intensity dependence of anisotropic third-order optical nonlinearity approaching the damage threshold in ZnSe and GaP crystals is studied by the femtosecond laser pump-probe measurements, which can greatly reduce the laser-matter interaction length and thus realize the probing of orientation-dependent characteristics of nonlinear optical phenomena in the near-damage-threshold intensity regime without significant photon depletion. In the measured transient 3D map, the typical third-order nonlinear optical signals of two-beam coupling (TBC) and two-photon absorption (TPA) can be clearly found out, which both exhibit the pronounced orientation-dependent periodic modulation corresponding to a specific lattice symmetry. Interestingly, the further fixed-delay-time measurements focusing on TBC and TPA confirm that the modulation amplitude of the orientation-dependent curves always increases with the increase of pump intensity towards the damage threshold, which has not been observed in previous studies. Such a definite upward trend of orientation-dependent third-order nonlinear optical effects in the near-damage-threshold regime indicate that, as long as the laser-matter interaction length is small enough, the third-order nonlinear optical phenomena can still be in a non-saturation physical regime till the damage threshold, and thus exhibit significant crystallographic dependence as that of laser-induced damage at the similar intensity ranges

sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605231207531 - Supplemental material for Coagulation profile of neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia in full-term newborns

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605231207531 for Coagulation profile of neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia in full-term newborns by Fangye Zhou, Min Huang and Guangjie Zhang in Journal of International Medical Research</p

Cooperative channel gating improves the response of a conductance-based model to high-frequency inputs.

<p>Frequency response functions for the Wang-Buzsaki model with independent sodium channels and a standard or 10× fold increased density density of sodium channels (WB, triangles); for cooperative WB model with of cooperative channels, , measured with 3 different correlation time constants of background noise (cWB, squares).</p

Channel activation and AP dynamics in models with cooperative sodium channels.

<p>(<b>A,B</b>) Activation curves of sodium channels and (<b>C.D</b>) AP phase plots for the models with a small () and a large () fraction of cooperative channels, and a weak coupling (, blue traces) or strong coupling (, red traces).</p

Dependence of the sodium channel dynamics on the coupling strength ().

<p>(<b>A,B</b>) Simulated open probability of sodium channels in response to steps of holding potential of increasing amplitude. The voltage-clamp protocol is shown above the traces in (<b>A</b>). Simulations for independent channels (<b>A</b>, ) and for cooperative channels with the critical value of coupling strength (<b>B</b>, ). (<b>C</b>) Collective activation curves of sodium channels with an increasing coupling strength . Discontinuous portions of activation curves for are shown as interrupted lines.</p

Cooperative gating of and channels.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Simultaneous openings of pairs and triples of channels in inside-out patch from cardiac myocytes treated with the ischaemic metabolite lysophosphatidylchloline <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037629#pone.0037629-Undrovinas1" target="_blank">[2]</a>. In the left panel, zero corresponds to closed state; dotted lines and numbers 1,2,3 indicate openings to single, double and triple unitary conductance levels. Right panel shows histogram of current amplitude distribution. Note frequent occurrence of openings to double and triple unitary levels, but no openings to the unitary level. (<b>B</b>) Coopled gating of ryanodine R2 channels in cardiac cells <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037629#pone.0037629-Marx2" target="_blank">[6]</a>. Left panel shows example traces with openings to single, double and triple unitary conductance levels. Closed state is indicated by c; single, double and triple unitary conductance levels are indicated by 1,2,3. Right panel shows current amplitude histograms, corresponding to the traces on the left. Reproduced with permision from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037629#pone.0037629-Undrovinas1" target="_blank">[2]</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037629#pone.0037629-Marx2" target="_blank">[6]</a>.</p

AP onset rapidness and threshold variability in models with cooperative channels.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Dependence of the AP onset rapidness measured as the phase slope at on the coupling strength and the fraction of cooperative channels. White contours delimit the bounder lines between the monophasic and the biphasic APs (see insets). (<b>B</b>) Dependence of the threshold variability (blue symbols, scale on the left) and onset rapidness (red symbols, scale on the right) on the coupling strength for a model with a small fraction () of cooperative channels. Fluctuating current for injection that mimicked background synaptic noise was synthesized as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037629#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> (see Eq. 3) (<b>C</b>) Relation between threshold variability and AP onset rapidness for the same model, data from (<b>B</b>).</p