The impact of grammatical differences on Mandarin Chinese-English simultaneous interpreting

In this PhD thesis, I investigate the impact of grammatical differences on English-Mandarin Chinese simultaneous interpreting (SI), drawing upon an empirical study of professional and student interpreters. The thesis focuses on the effects of three English grammatical categories including passives, adverbials and noun phrases and of three Mandarin Chinese grammatical categories including coverb phrases, noun phrases and topic-prominent clauses on SI between the two languages. For each category, I compare interpretations of instances in which the grammatical structures are the same across the two languages with interpretations of instances in which the grammatical structures differ across the two languages, focusing on accuracy of content and appropriateness of delivery. The results indicate that grammatical differences have a statistically significant impact on the interpreting performance of both professionals and students, although the impact of expertise is also attested through the consistently better performance of professionals than of students

Coefficient distribution of <i>Treat×Post</i> after random treatment.

Coefficient distribution of Treat×Post after random treatment.</p

Heterogeneity regression results by firm size.

The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (2012) on the green innovation of Chinese firms in polluting industries. The analysis features “leverage effect” of Porter Hypothesis imposed by environmental regulations and exploits exogenous variations caused by the promulgation of the new policy. Based on the exogenous variations, this paper uses the time varying PSM-DID method. The findings of this study suggest that the implementation of the new policy improves firms’ green innovation. Increments in R&D investment and environmental protection investment are channels through which the new standard positively affects firms’ green innovation. The cross-sectional heterogeneity analysis exhibits that the effect of this environmental regulation is stronger for firms with bigger size and lower financial constraints. The contribution and significance of this study are as follows: our study enriches understanding of the impact of environmental regulation on firms’ green innovation by empirically confirming the influencing channels of the impact of environmental regulations on green innovation. In addition, this paper contributes to the firms’ green innovation literature by empirically validating the role of corporate characteristics in moderating the effect of environmental regulations.</div

Environmental protection investment mechanism regression results.

Environmental protection investment mechanism regression results.</p

R&D mechanism regression results.

The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (2012) on the green innovation of Chinese firms in polluting industries. The analysis features “leverage effect” of Porter Hypothesis imposed by environmental regulations and exploits exogenous variations caused by the promulgation of the new policy. Based on the exogenous variations, this paper uses the time varying PSM-DID method. The findings of this study suggest that the implementation of the new policy improves firms’ green innovation. Increments in R&D investment and environmental protection investment are channels through which the new standard positively affects firms’ green innovation. The cross-sectional heterogeneity analysis exhibits that the effect of this environmental regulation is stronger for firms with bigger size and lower financial constraints. The contribution and significance of this study are as follows: our study enriches understanding of the impact of environmental regulation on firms’ green innovation by empirically confirming the influencing channels of the impact of environmental regulations on green innovation. In addition, this paper contributes to the firms’ green innovation literature by empirically validating the role of corporate characteristics in moderating the effect of environmental regulations.</div

S1 Dataset -

The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (2012) on the green innovation of Chinese firms in polluting industries. The analysis features “leverage effect” of Porter Hypothesis imposed by environmental regulations and exploits exogenous variations caused by the promulgation of the new policy. Based on the exogenous variations, this paper uses the time varying PSM-DID method. The findings of this study suggest that the implementation of the new policy improves firms’ green innovation. Increments in R&D investment and environmental protection investment are channels through which the new standard positively affects firms’ green innovation. The cross-sectional heterogeneity analysis exhibits that the effect of this environmental regulation is stronger for firms with bigger size and lower financial constraints. The contribution and significance of this study are as follows: our study enriches understanding of the impact of environmental regulation on firms’ green innovation by empirically confirming the influencing channels of the impact of environmental regulations on green innovation. In addition, this paper contributes to the firms’ green innovation literature by empirically validating the role of corporate characteristics in moderating the effect of environmental regulations.</div

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characterization of Co^II−Substrate Radical Pair Formation in Coenzyme B₁₂-Dependent Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase in a Cryosolvent System by Using Time-Resolved, Full-Spectrum Continuous-Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The formation of the CoII−substrate radical pair catalytic intermediate in coenzyme B12 (adenosylcobalamin)-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella typhimurium has been studied by using time-resolved continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in a cryosolvent system. The 41% v/v DMSO/water cryosolvent allows mixing of holoenzyme and substrate, (S)-2-aminopropanol, at 230 K under conditions of kinetic arrest. Temperature step from 230 to 234−248 K initiates the cleavage of the cobalt−carbon bond and the monoexponential rise (rate constant, kobs = τobs-1) of the EPR-detected CoII−substrate radical pair state. The detection deadtime:  τobs ratio is reduced by >102, relative to millisecond rapid mixing experiments at ambient temperatures. The EPR spectrum acquisition time is ≪τobs, which allows continuous acquisition of spectra during progress of the reaction. The kobs values and CoII−substrate radical pair amplitudes are independent of substrate concentration at each temperature. Therefore, the reaction occurs from the enzyme·coenzyme·substrate ternary complex. The constant value of the CoII−substrate radical pair amplitude at reaction times >5τobs, the approximately 102-fold slower rate of the substrate radical rearrangement reaction relative to kobs, and the reversible temperature dependence of the amplitude indicate that the CoII−substrate radical pair and ternary complex are essentially at equilibrium. The reaction is thus treated as a relaxation to equilibrium by using a linear two-step, three-state mechanism. The intermediate state in this mechanism, the CoII−5‘-deoxyadenosyl radical pair, is not detected by EPR at signal-to-noise ratios of 103, which indicates that the free energy of the CoII−5‘-deoxyadenosyl radical pair state is >3.3 kcal/mol, relative to the CoII−substrate radical pair. Van't Hoff analysis yields ΔH13 = 10.8 ± 0.8 kcal/mol and ΔS13 = 45 ± 3 cal/mol/K for the transition from the ternary complex to the CoII−substrate radical pair state. The free energy difference, ΔG13, is zero to within one standard deviation over the temperature range 234−248 K. The extrapolated value of ΔG13 at 298 K is −2.6 ± 1.2 kcal/mol. The estimated EAL protein-associated contribution to the free energy difference is ΔGEAL = −24 kcal/mol at 240 K, and ΔHEAL = −13 kcal/mol and ΔSEAL = 38 cal/mol/K. The results show that the EAL protein makes both strong enthalpic and entropic contributions to overcome the large, unfavorable cobalt−carbon bond dissociation energy, which biases the reaction in the forward direction of Co−C bond cleavage and CoII−substrate radical pair formation

Sample distribution by industry.

The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (2012) on the green innovation of Chinese firms in polluting industries. The analysis features “leverage effect” of Porter Hypothesis imposed by environmental regulations and exploits exogenous variations caused by the promulgation of the new policy. Based on the exogenous variations, this paper uses the time varying PSM-DID method. The findings of this study suggest that the implementation of the new policy improves firms’ green innovation. Increments in R&D investment and environmental protection investment are channels through which the new standard positively affects firms’ green innovation. The cross-sectional heterogeneity analysis exhibits that the effect of this environmental regulation is stronger for firms with bigger size and lower financial constraints. The contribution and significance of this study are as follows: our study enriches understanding of the impact of environmental regulation on firms’ green innovation by empirically confirming the influencing channels of the impact of environmental regulations on green innovation. In addition, this paper contributes to the firms’ green innovation literature by empirically validating the role of corporate characteristics in moderating the effect of environmental regulations.</div

T-test for heterogeneity.

The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (2012) on the green innovation of Chinese firms in polluting industries. The analysis features “leverage effect” of Porter Hypothesis imposed by environmental regulations and exploits exogenous variations caused by the promulgation of the new policy. Based on the exogenous variations, this paper uses the time varying PSM-DID method. The findings of this study suggest that the implementation of the new policy improves firms’ green innovation. Increments in R&D investment and environmental protection investment are channels through which the new standard positively affects firms’ green innovation. The cross-sectional heterogeneity analysis exhibits that the effect of this environmental regulation is stronger for firms with bigger size and lower financial constraints. The contribution and significance of this study are as follows: our study enriches understanding of the impact of environmental regulation on firms’ green innovation by empirically confirming the influencing channels of the impact of environmental regulations on green innovation. In addition, this paper contributes to the firms’ green innovation literature by empirically validating the role of corporate characteristics in moderating the effect of environmental regulations.</div

Definition of variables and data source.

The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (2012) on the green innovation of Chinese firms in polluting industries. The analysis features “leverage effect” of Porter Hypothesis imposed by environmental regulations and exploits exogenous variations caused by the promulgation of the new policy. Based on the exogenous variations, this paper uses the time varying PSM-DID method. The findings of this study suggest that the implementation of the new policy improves firms’ green innovation. Increments in R&D investment and environmental protection investment are channels through which the new standard positively affects firms’ green innovation. The cross-sectional heterogeneity analysis exhibits that the effect of this environmental regulation is stronger for firms with bigger size and lower financial constraints. The contribution and significance of this study are as follows: our study enriches understanding of the impact of environmental regulation on firms’ green innovation by empirically confirming the influencing channels of the impact of environmental regulations on green innovation. In addition, this paper contributes to the firms’ green innovation literature by empirically validating the role of corporate characteristics in moderating the effect of environmental regulations.</div