Statistical data of all counties and cities in the Yangtze River Delta in 2019.

Statistical data of all counties and cities in the Yangtze River Delta in 2019.</p

Determination of the Heavy Metal Levels in <i>Panax notoginseng</i> and the Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment

<div><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>High levels of heavy metals in <i>Panax notoginseng</i> (Sanchi), a valued traditional Chinese medicine, have drawn increasing concern regarding the safe usage of Sanchi preparations. Here, we measured the concentrations of six heavy metals in Sanchi samples from 20 major plantations, investigated the pharmaceutical processes and usages of Sanchi preparations, and assessed the associated potential health risks to consumers. The average concentrations of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in the Sanchi samples were 2.7, 3.7, 6.2, 22.1, 2.0, and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. The hazard quotients (HQs) for these six single metals and the hazard index (HI) of these metals’ combination were all far less than 1, indicating the absence of a non-carcinogenic health hazard to consumers. The carcinogenic risk of As was 2.1 × 10⁻⁶, which is higher than the allowable level suggested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency but less than the level suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). The probabilities of consumers’ exposure due to daily medicine consumption exceeding the allowable daily intakes from medicine (ADIs_drug, 1% of the ADI) suggested by the WHO were 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.0%, 1.6%, and 27.3% for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As, respectively.</p></div

Neosartoryadins A and B, Fumiquinazoline Alkaloids from a Mangrove-Derived Fungus <i>Neosartorya udagawae</i> HDN13-313

Neosartoryadins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), both with a unique 6/6/6/5 quinazoline ring system connected directly to a 6/5/5 imidazoindolone ring, together with three biogenetically related compounds <b>3</b>–<b>5</b>, were isolated from the endophytic fungus <i>Neosartorya udagawae</i> HDN13-313. The absolute configurations of new compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> were established. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> displayed anti-influenza virus A (H1N1) activities with IC₅₀ values of 66 and 58 μM, respectively (ribavirin as positive control, IC₅₀ = 94 μM)

Dothideomins A–D, Antibacterial Polycyclic Bisanthraquinones from the Endophytic Fungus <i>Dothideomycetes</i> sp. BMC-101

Four new bisanthraquinones, dothideomins A–D (1–4), were identified from Dothideomycetes sp. BMC-101, an endophytic fungus isolated from Magnolia grandiflora L. leaves. Their chemical structures were established by NMR analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and ECD analysis. Dothideomins A–D (1–4) were characterized by an unusual 6/6/6/5/6/3/6/6 octocyclic scaffold (1 and 2) and a 6/6/6/5/6/6/6 heptacyclic scaffold (3 and 4), respectively. All compounds, especially 1 and 3, exhibited potent antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 μg/mL