Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Knowledge, Skills, and Barriers to Palliative Care Referrals by Oncology Providers

Palliative Care is an evidence based and integrative aspect of cancer care that has demonstrated improved quality of life and diminished symptomology, however, barriers to referrals exist. With the growing interest in and demand for specialized healthcare services, more research on integration and referral practices surrounding palliative care is necessary. This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and barriers to referring cancer patients to outpatient palliative care at a teaching and research hospital. In one cancer center, 50 physicians, Advance Practice Providers, and nurse case managers responded to an electronic survey regarding interest and support for palliative care services, including perceptions of the benefits of palliative care for their patients. Results were positive overall, and as expected barriers were identified. These barriers included patient comprehension and perception of palliative care services and providers’ perception of which oncology patients would benefit from palliative care and at what point. This research contributes to the body of knowledge surrounding knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as persistent barriers to patients and providers who refer to palliative care services. Further education, training, and research for patients, families, and providers will aid in increased utilization and comprehension