Genetic association in <i>CYP3A4</i> and <i>CYP3A5</i> genes elevate the risk of prostate cancer

CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are biologically potential genes responsible for prostate cancer. We aimed to analyse the expression and association of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes in prostate cancer. Web-based bioinformatics tools were used to assess the association of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes with prostate cancer risks. A case-control study of 210 prostate cancer cases and 207 controls was also approved to determine the allelic variants of the CYP3A4 gene- rs2740574 (CYP3A4*1B) and the variant of CYP3A5 gene-rs776746 (CYP3A5*3) using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The risk of prostate cancer was estimated as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using unrestricted logistic regression models. Our in silico data confirmed that both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes are significantly associated with higher prostate cancer risks. In the case of CYP3A4*1B polymorphism, the heterozygote (*1 A/*1B), mutant (*1B/*1B), and combined heterozygote plus mutant (*1A/*1B+*1B/*1B) genotypes showed 3.52-fold, 3.90-fold, and 3.67-fold increased risk of prostate cancer, respectively. In the case of CYP3A5*3 polymorphism, the heterozygote (*1/*3), mutant (*3/*3), and combined (*1/*3+*3/*3) genotypes were found to be significantly associated with 5.11-, 5.49-, and 5.28-fold greater risk of prostate cancer, respectively. Our results indicate that CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 are significantly associated with increased prostate cancer risk.KEY MESSAGESBioinformatics tools were used and concluded that the CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes were significantly associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer.CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms were significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to estimate polymorphisms of prostate cancer progression in the Bangladeshi population. Bioinformatics tools were used and concluded that the CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes were significantly associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms were significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to estimate polymorphisms of prostate cancer progression in the Bangladeshi population.</p

Image_1_The occurrence and molecular detection of mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry and poultry meats in Malaysia.pdf

The advent of antimicrobials-resistant (AMR), including colistin-resistant bacteria, poses a significant challenge to animal and human health, food safety, socio-economic growth, and the global environment. This study aimed to ascertain the colistin resistance prevalence and molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The colistin resistance was determined using broth microdilution assay, PCR; and Sanger sequencing of mcr genes responsible for colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae (n = 627), including Escherichia coli (436), Salmonella spp. (n = 140), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 51), obtained from chicken and chicken meats. Out of 627 Enterobacteriaceae, 8.6% of isolates exhibited colistin resistance phenotypically. Among these colistin resistant isolates, 9.3% (n = 37) were isolated from chicken meat, 7.2% (n = 11) from the cloacal swab of chicken and 7.9% (n = 6) from the litter samples. Overall, 12.96% of colistin-resistant isolates were positive with mcr genes, in which mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes were determined in 11.11% and 1.85% of colistin-resistant isolates, respectively. The E. coli isolates obtained from chicken meats, cloacal swabs and litter samples were found positive for mcr-1, and Salmonella spp. originated from the chicken meat sample was observed with mcr-5, whereas no mcr genes were observed in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from any of the collected samples. The other colistin resistance genes, including mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-6, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10 were not detected in the studied samples. The mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes were sequenced and found to be 100% identical to the mcr-1 and mcr-5 gene sequences available in the NCBI database. This is the first report of colistin resistance mcr-5 gene in Malaysia which could portend the emergence of mcr-5 harboring bacterial strains for infection. Further studies are needed to characterize the mr-5 harbouring bacteria for the determination of plasmid associated with mcr-5 gene.</p

Biofilm-Assisted Fabrication of Ag@SnO₂‑<i>g</i>‑C₃N₄ Nanostructures for Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysis and Photoelectrochemical Performance

Development of advanced materials with a benign environmentally friendly approach for heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis is always preferable. An environmentally favorable approach was used to anchor silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to tin oxide-decorated-graphitic carbon nitride (SnO2-g-C3N4) using a biofilm as a green reducing tool for the biogenic synthesis of 1–6 mM Ag@SnO2-g-C3N4 nanostructures (NSs). The fabricated NSs were characterized using sophisticated techniques. The developed Ag@SnO2-g-C3N4 NSs showed a well-defined spherical-shaped Ag NPs anchored to SnO2-g-C3N4 NSs. The synthesized NSs were applied for photocatalytic degradation of hazardous dyes and photoelectrochemical studies. A comparative investigation of Ag@SnO2-g-C3N4 NSs for the visible light-assisted photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue (MB), Congo red (CR), and Rhodamine B (RhB) was performed. The photocatalytic degradation of MB, CR, and RhB reached ∼99% in 90 min, ∼98% in 60 min, and ∼94% in 240 min, respectively. The anchoring of Ag NPs to SnO2-g-C3N4 NSs further enhanced the visible light photocatalytic degradation of the dyes due to surface plasmon resonance and by lowering the recombination of the photogenerated electrons and holes. Further, high electron transfer ability of Ag@SnO2-g-C3N4 NSs was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to understand the mechanistic insights of the excellent activity under visible light irradiation. Hence, the present study provides an environmentally benign approach for the synthesis and excellent visible light effective photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical performance

Environmentally Sustainable Fabrication of Ag@<i>g‑</i>C₃N₄ Nanostructures and Their Multifunctional Efficacy as Antibacterial Agents and Photocatalysts

Noble-metal silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) anchored/decorated onto polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (<i>g</i>-C₃N₄) as nanostructures (NSs) were prepared using modest and environment-friendly synthesis method with a developed-single-strain biofilm as a reducing implement. The as-fabricated NSs were characterized using standard characterization techniques. The nanosized and uniform AgNPs were well deposited onto the sheet-like matrix of <i>g</i>-C₃N₄ and exhibited good antimicrobial activity and superior photodegradation of dyes methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes under visible-light illumination. The Ag@<i>g</i>-C₃N₄ NSs exhibited active and effective bactericidal performance and a survival test in counter to <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</i> The as-fabricated NSs also exhibited superior visible-light photodegradation of MB and RhB in much less time as compared to other reports. Ag@<i>g</i>-C₃N₄ NSs (3 mM) showed superior photocatalytic measurements under visible-light irradiation: ∼100% MB degradation and ∼89% of RhB degradation in 210 and 250 min, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the AgNPs were well deposited onto the <i>g</i>-C₃N₄ structure, which decreases the charge recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes and extends the performance of pure <i>g</i>-C₃N₄ under visible light. In conclusion, the as-fabricated Ag@<i>g</i>-C₃N₄ NSs are keen nanostructured materials that can be applied as antimicrobial materials and visible-light-induced photocatalysts

Band Structure Engineering Based on InGaN/ZnGeN₂ Heterostructure Quantum Wells for Visible Light Emitters

Band structure engineering based on InGaN/ZnGeN2 heterostructure quantum wells (QWs) is proposed to address the long-standing charge separation challenge in visible light emitters using polar InGaN QWs as active media. A nanometer-scale layer of ZnGeN2 is successfully incorporated in InGaN QWs via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Understanding the structural properties of the heterostructure QWs reveals that the growth conditions for the GaN barrier layers play an important role in the QW properties. Specifically, the structural quality of the QWs is improved by increasing the thickness and the growth temperature of the GaN barrier layers. Due to the large band offset at the InGaN/ZnGeN2 heterointerface, the position and thickness of the ZnGeN2 sub-layer within the InGaN QWs determine the potential minima and thus the carrier wave functions in both conduction and valence bands. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of emission wavelength tunability of InGaN/ZnGeN2/InGaN heterostructure QWs via tuning of the ZnGeN2 sub-layer properties. More significantly, the peak emission of InGaN/ZnGeN2/InGaN heterostructure QWs can be extended to longer wavelengths without increasing the In composition or the QW thickness. Results from this work provide a new route for addressing the low quantum efficiency of conventional InGaN QWs emitting at green and longer wavelengths

DataSheet1_Efficacy and Outcome of Remdesivir and Tocilizumab Combination Against Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial.pdf

Objective: In this study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of remdesivir and tocilizumab combination therapy against dexamethasone for the management of severe COVID-19 patients.Methods: This was a multicenter study. Cases were randomly chosen and divided into two groups using an odd–even ratio of 1:1 applied to the hospital registration number. Group A received remdesivir [5 mg/kg (40 kg) on day 1 and then 2.5 mg/kg (40 kg) daily] + tocilizumab [8 mg/kg up to 800 mg highest 12 h apart], and group B was the control and received dexamethasone 6 mg/day. In addition, a broad-spectrum antibiotic and other essential treatments were received by all patients. To evaluate the mortality risk, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was calculated on day-1. Treatment outcomes were measured as time to clinical improvement; mortality rate; duration of ICU stay; total period of hospitalization; the rate of (Supplementary Material) oxygen use; time to clinical failure; National Early Warning Score-2 (NEWS), and the percentage of lung recovery on CT of chest on discharge. Clinical trial registration ID: NCT04678739.Results: Remdesivir-Tocilizumab group had a lower mortality rate (25.49%) than the control (30.77%). The time to clinical improvement (Group A-9.41; B-14.21 days), NEWS-2 on discharge (Group A-0.89; B-1.2), duration of ICU stay (Group A-7.68; B-10.58), and duration of hospitalization (Group A-9.91; B-14.68) were less in the treatment group. Group A had a better percentage of lung recovery on chest CT than the control (Group A-22.13; B-11.74). All these differences were statistically significant (p= Conclusion: The remdesivir–tocilizumab combination had preferable outcomes compared to the dexamethasone therapy for the treatment of severe COVID-19 concerning mortality rate and clinical and pulmonary improvement, although it did not demonstrate a significant survival benefit.Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04678739.</p

Table_4_Multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance recovered from migratory birds in Bangladesh.XLSX

Non-typhoidal Salmonella provides an exemplar for the One Health approach as it encompasses public and animal health, food safety, and environmental considerations. The contribution of environmental aspects is currently less well-defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the carriage occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in migratory birds in Bangladesh and assess the potential significance to public and animal health. Cloacal swabs (N = 453) were collected in the years 2018–2020 from Tanguar and Hakaluki Haors, important wetland ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh. The prevalence of Salmonella was 13.5% (61 positive swabs). Classical serotyping identified six serovars: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Perth, Kentucky, Albany, Infantis, Weltevreden, and Brancaster. Resistance towards 14 antimicrobials was assessed by broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration determination and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotype established by whole-genome sequencing. S. Perth and S. Weltevreden isolates were susceptible and harbored no acquired AMR genes. Isolates from the remaining serovars were multidrug resistant, commonly possessing resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin. Salmonella resistant to ciprofloxacin meets WHO criteria for priority pathogens. There was excellent concordance between resistance phenotype and the presence of corresponding AMR genes, many of which reside on Salmonella Genomic Islands. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance correlated with the presence of mutations in the chromosomal gyrB and/or parC genes. The S. Kentucky isolates were ST198, a widely distributed multidrug-resistant lineage reported in humans and animals, and constituting an ongoing risk to public health worldwide. We have demonstrated that multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance can be recovered from migratory birds. A potential for risk can manifest through direct interaction, transmission to food-producing livestock on farms, and dissemination via the long range migratory movements of birds. Risks can be mitigated by measures including continued surveillance and implementation of good farm biosecurity practices.</p

Table_3_Multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance recovered from migratory birds in Bangladesh.XLSX

Non-typhoidal Salmonella provides an exemplar for the One Health approach as it encompasses public and animal health, food safety, and environmental considerations. The contribution of environmental aspects is currently less well-defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the carriage occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in migratory birds in Bangladesh and assess the potential significance to public and animal health. Cloacal swabs (N = 453) were collected in the years 2018–2020 from Tanguar and Hakaluki Haors, important wetland ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh. The prevalence of Salmonella was 13.5% (61 positive swabs). Classical serotyping identified six serovars: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Perth, Kentucky, Albany, Infantis, Weltevreden, and Brancaster. Resistance towards 14 antimicrobials was assessed by broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration determination and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotype established by whole-genome sequencing. S. Perth and S. Weltevreden isolates were susceptible and harbored no acquired AMR genes. Isolates from the remaining serovars were multidrug resistant, commonly possessing resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin. Salmonella resistant to ciprofloxacin meets WHO criteria for priority pathogens. There was excellent concordance between resistance phenotype and the presence of corresponding AMR genes, many of which reside on Salmonella Genomic Islands. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance correlated with the presence of mutations in the chromosomal gyrB and/or parC genes. The S. Kentucky isolates were ST198, a widely distributed multidrug-resistant lineage reported in humans and animals, and constituting an ongoing risk to public health worldwide. We have demonstrated that multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance can be recovered from migratory birds. A potential for risk can manifest through direct interaction, transmission to food-producing livestock on farms, and dissemination via the long range migratory movements of birds. Risks can be mitigated by measures including continued surveillance and implementation of good farm biosecurity practices.</p

Table_2_Multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance recovered from migratory birds in Bangladesh.XLSX

Non-typhoidal Salmonella provides an exemplar for the One Health approach as it encompasses public and animal health, food safety, and environmental considerations. The contribution of environmental aspects is currently less well-defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the carriage occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in migratory birds in Bangladesh and assess the potential significance to public and animal health. Cloacal swabs (N = 453) were collected in the years 2018–2020 from Tanguar and Hakaluki Haors, important wetland ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh. The prevalence of Salmonella was 13.5% (61 positive swabs). Classical serotyping identified six serovars: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Perth, Kentucky, Albany, Infantis, Weltevreden, and Brancaster. Resistance towards 14 antimicrobials was assessed by broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration determination and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotype established by whole-genome sequencing. S. Perth and S. Weltevreden isolates were susceptible and harbored no acquired AMR genes. Isolates from the remaining serovars were multidrug resistant, commonly possessing resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin. Salmonella resistant to ciprofloxacin meets WHO criteria for priority pathogens. There was excellent concordance between resistance phenotype and the presence of corresponding AMR genes, many of which reside on Salmonella Genomic Islands. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance correlated with the presence of mutations in the chromosomal gyrB and/or parC genes. The S. Kentucky isolates were ST198, a widely distributed multidrug-resistant lineage reported in humans and animals, and constituting an ongoing risk to public health worldwide. We have demonstrated that multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance can be recovered from migratory birds. A potential for risk can manifest through direct interaction, transmission to food-producing livestock on farms, and dissemination via the long range migratory movements of birds. Risks can be mitigated by measures including continued surveillance and implementation of good farm biosecurity practices.</p

Table_1_Multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance recovered from migratory birds in Bangladesh.XLSX

Non-typhoidal Salmonella provides an exemplar for the One Health approach as it encompasses public and animal health, food safety, and environmental considerations. The contribution of environmental aspects is currently less well-defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the carriage occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in migratory birds in Bangladesh and assess the potential significance to public and animal health. Cloacal swabs (N = 453) were collected in the years 2018–2020 from Tanguar and Hakaluki Haors, important wetland ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh. The prevalence of Salmonella was 13.5% (61 positive swabs). Classical serotyping identified six serovars: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Perth, Kentucky, Albany, Infantis, Weltevreden, and Brancaster. Resistance towards 14 antimicrobials was assessed by broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration determination and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotype established by whole-genome sequencing. S. Perth and S. Weltevreden isolates were susceptible and harbored no acquired AMR genes. Isolates from the remaining serovars were multidrug resistant, commonly possessing resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin. Salmonella resistant to ciprofloxacin meets WHO criteria for priority pathogens. There was excellent concordance between resistance phenotype and the presence of corresponding AMR genes, many of which reside on Salmonella Genomic Islands. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance correlated with the presence of mutations in the chromosomal gyrB and/or parC genes. The S. Kentucky isolates were ST198, a widely distributed multidrug-resistant lineage reported in humans and animals, and constituting an ongoing risk to public health worldwide. We have demonstrated that multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance can be recovered from migratory birds. A potential for risk can manifest through direct interaction, transmission to food-producing livestock on farms, and dissemination via the long range migratory movements of birds. Risks can be mitigated by measures including continued surveillance and implementation of good farm biosecurity practices.</p