Menggunakan Serangga Untuk Memahami Kehidupan

Serangga ternyata memiliki tempat yang sangat istimewa dalam ilmu pengetahuan.Kalau selama ini lebih banyak mengenalnya sebagai jasad pengganggu (Istilah pertaniandikenal sebagai OPT atau Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman dan Istilah kesehatan dikenalsebagai vektor pembawa penyakit), maka dalam ilmu pengetahuan secara lebih umumperan serangga bukan hanya sebagai penyebab kerugian dan kerusakan saja. Serangga amatbermanfaat atau berjasa kepada ilmu pengetahuan dalam menambah khazanah pemahamantentang jasad hidup dan berbagai interaksi yang terjadi pada jasad hidup, termasuk manusia

Peran Tumbuhan Berbunga sebagai Media Konservasi Artropoda Musuh Alam

Flowering plants are plants with the ability to attract a lot of insects and other plant-loving organisms, as they possess various functions for these organisms, for instance as feed sources, ovipositions\u27 sites, or hiding places out of danger (refugia). Their varied functions make flowering plants to play important roles as special habitats for insects and other organisms. Their presence needs to be considered especially in agricultural land where the dominant planting pattern is monoculture, such as rice fields. The presence of flowering plants themselves will invite many different organisms playing their parts not only as herbivores, but also as natural enemies, pollinators and other ecologically important organisms. The faunal diversity stimulated by flowering plants will create more stable ecosystem, which in turn will keep the ecosystem components\u27 balance in check. The presence of flowering plants are therefore essential to the conservation of natural enemies in some particular ecosystem, such as agroecosystem. INTISARITumbuhan berbunga merupakan tumbuhan yang berkemampuan memikat banyak serangga dan jasad pemanfaat tumbuhan lainnya, dan memiliki banyak manfaat bagi jasad-jasad ini, misalnya sebagai sumber pakan maupun tempat perhentian (untuk meletakkan telur atau menyembunyikan diri dari bahaya). Fungsi yang beragam ini menyebabkan pentingnya memperhatikan tumbuhan berbunga sebagai habitat khusus bagi serangga dan jasad lainnya, terutama di pertanaman yang selama ini dominan sebagai ekosistem monokultur, misalnya pertanaman padi. Adanya tumbuhan berbunga akan mengundang berbagai jenis jasad yang dalam ekosistem tersebut memiliki bermacam-macam peran selain sebagai herbivora, misalnya sebagai musuh alami, polinator atau fungsi ekologis lainnya. Keberagaman fauna karena adanya tanaman berbunga akan menyebabkan terbentuknya ekosistem yang lebih stabil, yang pada gilirannya akan menjaga terjadinya keseimbangan komponen ekosistem. Kehadiran tumbuhan berbunga dengan demikian sangat penting untuk melestarikan populasi musuh alami di suatu ekosistem seperti agroekosistem

Pola Sebaran Kelompok Telur Ostrinia Furnacalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pada Beberapa Fase Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung (Zea Mays L.)

A field study was conducted to determine the distribution of egg masses of Ostrinia furnacalis on corn leaves and within corn field. The corn field was divided into three regions: the inner edge closed to other crops and outer edge closed to main road and the middle region. The numbers of egg masses laid were recorded entirely in all corn plants existed (census method). Egg laying period lasted for 34 days, with 11 days from initiation of egg laying to the peak of oviposition and 23 days from the peak to termination of egg laying. The egg masses laid on corn leaves were distributed in aggregation pattern. During eight-opened-leaf to twelve-opened-leaf stages, there were 847 egg masses found, and 80.9% was laid on the sixth-to-ninth leaves. From tasseling to blister stages there were 491 egg masses found of which approximately 80.7% was laid on the seventh-to-11 32.8, and 29.8% of those were found in the inner edge, middle, and outer edge of corn field, respectively. leaves. Egg masses laid within corn field varied, in which 37.4, 32.8, and 29.8% of those were found in the inner edge, middle, and outer edge of corn field, respectively. Kajian lapang dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui pola sebaran peletakan kelompok telur ngengat Ostrinia furnacalis pada daun tanaman jagung dan penyebarannya pada lahan pertanaman jagung. Lahan penelitian dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu lahan pinggir dalam berdekatan dengan pertanaman lain, bagian tengah lahan, dan lahan pinggir luar berdekatan dengan jalan raya. Pengamatan kelompok telur dilakukan pada seluruh tanaman jagung (sensus). Periode peletakan telur berlangsung selama 34 hari, dengan periode inisiasi hingga puncak 11 hari dan periode setelah puncak hingga akhir peletakan telur 23 hari. Peletakan telur O. furnacalis pada daun tanaman jagung menyebar secara berkelompok. Pada fase 8 hingga 10 daun telah terbuka sempurna ditemukan sebanyak 847 kelompok telur, 80,9% diantaranya ditemukan pada daun ke 6–9. Pada fase VT (bunga jantan) hingga fase R2 (bunga betina telah kering) ditemukan sebanyak 491 kelompok telur, 80,7% diantaranya ditemukan pada daun 7–11. Penyebaran kelompok telur pada bagian lahan terjadi secara berkelompok. Jumlah kelompok telur tertinggi berturut-turut dari bagian lahan pinggir dalam, bagian tengah lahan, dan bagian lahan pinggir luar masing-masing 37,4; 32,8; dan 29,8%

Determination of Diazinon Residue Used in Shallot Against Armyworm (Spodoptera Exigua)

The research was carried out to identify the residue of diazinon in shallot crop which was grown inYogyakarta Special Territory, Bantul Regency (Parangtritis, Samas and Sanden). Questionnaires were also distributed to farmers in the area to find out the background of diazinon application. Samples were taken from these locations and Bantul market, and were analyzed using Thin Layer and Gas Chromatography (TLC and GC) methods. TLC technique detected diazinon residues in all samples except Parangtritis sample from farmers plot with no diazinon spraying. GC results showed that all the samples diazinon residues were well below maximum residue limit (MRL). The least residue level (0.0029 ppm) was detected in one week after harvesting sample from Sanden. The highest residue level (0.0231 ppm) was detected in the harvesting time sample from Parangtritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi residu diazinon pada bawang merah dari daerah Parangtritis, Samas dan Sanden, Kabupaten Bantul, DI. Yogyakarta. Kuesioner dibagikan kepada petani untuk mengetahui latar belakang penggunaan diazinon serta aspek lain yang berkaitan, seperti frekuensi dan dosis aplikasi. Sampel uji diambil dari ketiga lokasi tersebut ditambah sampel lain dari Pasar Bantul. Sampel dianalisis dengan metode thin layer chromatography (TLC) dan metode gas chromatography (GC). Deteksi residu diazinon dengan metode TLC menunjukkan adanya residu diazinon di semua lokasi, kecuali pada sampel yang berasal dari lahan petani di daerah Parangtritis tanpa menggunakan diazinon. Hasil analisis GC menunjukkan bahwa sampel uji mengandung residu diazinon dalam jumlah kecil, yaitu di bawah batas residu maksimum (MRL), sedang pada sampel hasil panen dari lahan petani di daerah Parangtritis tanpa menggunakan diazinon tidak terdeteksi. Residu terkecil (0,0029 ppm) terdeteksi pada sampel dari Sanden yang dianalisis satu minggu setalah panen. Residu terbesar (0.0231 ppm) terdeteksi pada sampel saat panen yang berasal dari Parangtritis

Uret Perusak Akar pada Rumput Halaman Kampus

The study aims to identify of white grub attacking lawn in the park of campus of University of Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta. Observations were conducted since July 2008 until January 2010. The results showed that Lepidiota stigma is a pest cause damage to the grass in the UGM park. The presence of beetles occurred in October of the same beginning of the rainy season. Flight and lay eggs period lasted from October 2009 until January 2010. First instar larvae of L. stigma began there in November and the third instar in the month of January 2010. Factors supporting the attack of L. stigma in the college environment is the availability of grass throughout the year, as the lights and the presence of trees as shelter for adult beetles. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis uret Perusak akar rumput halaman di lingkungan taman kampus Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta. Pengamatan dilakukan di halaman Kantor Pusat Tata Usaha (KPTU) UGM sejak bulan Juli 2008 sampai Januari 2010. Hasil menunjukan bahwa Lepidiota stigma merupakan hama penyebab kerusakan akar rumput di lingkungan taman kampus UGM. Kehadiran kumbang L. stigma di halaman taman terjadi pada bulan Oktober bersamaan awal musim hujan. Periode penerbangan dan peneluran berlangsung sejak bulan Oktober 2009 sampai dengan Januari 2010. Uret L. stigma instar pertama mulai ada bulan November dan berkembang sampai instar ketiga di bulan Januari 2010. Faktor pendukung serangan uret L. stigma di lingkungan kampus adalah ketersediaan rumput sepanjang tahun, lampu penerangan sebagai penarik kehadiran dan pepohonan sebagai tempat berlindung kumbang dewasa

Gangguan Fisiologis Wereng Batang Padi Coklat Akibat Pemberian Abu Terbang Batubara

Coal fly ash (CFA) can be used as a control agent of brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera; Delphacidae). This study was aimed to investigate the physiological disorders in BPH when exposed to CFA. The research was conducted by carrying out tests covering the mortality of BPH, measurement of BPH weight before and after CFA treatment, an analysis of the moisture content in BPH, an analysis of the BPH tissue, and a chemical analysis of BPH. The results of the study showed that the mortality rate of BPH after treatment was 71%. The physiological disorders due to CFA treatment was indicated by a 67.04% weight reduction as opposed to a 6.9% weight increase on the control specimens. The average moisture content of the treated BPH was significantly lower than that of the control specimens. CFA caused a shrinkage of body tissues and an increase in the contents of silica and alumina on BPH

Potato Cyst Nematode in East Java: Newly Infected Areas and Identification

Potato Cyst Nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis has noted to be a devastated pest on potato in Indonesia. It is listed as the A2 pest by Plant Quarantine of Republik Indonesia, and it was also being a highly concerned plant parasitic nematode species worlwide. Therefore, both intensive and extensive surveys should be done to monitor the spread of PCN, especially in East Java as one of the centre of potato plantations in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to study the distribution of PCN in four potato plantations in East Java, i.e. Batu, Magetan, Probolinggo, and Pasuruan which were located between 1,205 to 2,063 m above the sea level. Extraction and isolation of cysts from soil samples was done using Baunacke method, and it was followed by identification of the nematodes using morphological and molecular approaches according to Baldwin and Mundo-Ocampo. The results showed that PCN was found on all sampling sites, i.e. Batu (Sumber Brantas, Jurang Kuali, Tunggangan, Junggo, Brakseng); Magetan (Dadi, Sarangan, Singolangu); Probolinggo (Tukul, Pandansari, Ledokombo, Sumberanom, Wonokerto, Ngadas), Pasuruan (Wonokerto, Tosari, Ledoksari, Ngadiwono). Magetan and Pasuruan were noted as new infested areas in East Java. Both morphological and molecular methods showed that the species found on all sites was Globodera rostochiensis. IntisariNematoda Sista Kentang (NSK), Globodera rostochiensis telah tercatat sebagai hama yang menghancurkan tanaman kentang di Indonesia. NSK terdaftar sebagai Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina golongan A2 oleh Badan Karantina Pertanian Republik Indonesia, dan juga merupakan spesies nematoda parasit tanaman yang sangat merugikan di seluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu, baik survei intensif maupun ekstensif harus dilakukan untuk memantau penyebaran NSK, terutama di Jawa Timur sebagai salah satu sentra tanaman kentang di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari distribusi NSK pada empat daerah sentra penanaman kentang di Jawa Timur, yaitu Batu, Magetan, Probolinggo, dan Pasuruan yang terletak antara 1.205 sampai 2.063 m di atas permukaan laut. Ekstraksi dan isolasi sista NSK dari sampel tanah dilakukan dengan metode Baunacke, dan dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler menurut Baldwin dan Mundo-Ocampo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NSK ditemukan di semua lokasi pengambilan sampel, yaitu Batu (Sumber Brantas, Jurang Kuali, Tunggangan, Junggo, Brakseng); Magetan (Dadi, Sarangan, Singolangu); Probolinggo (Tukul, Pandansari, Ledokombo, Sumberanom, Wonokerto, Ngadas), Pasuruan (Wonokerto, Tosari, Ledoksari, Ngadiwono). Magetan dan Pasuruan tercatat sebagai daerah sebaran baru di Jawa Timur. Hasil identifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler menunjukkan bahwa spesies yang ditemukan di semua lokasi adalah Globodera rostochiensis

Keragaman Semut pada Ekosistem Tanaman Kakao di Desa Banjaroya Kecamatan Kalibawang YOGYAKARTA

This study aims to determine the diversity of ants in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) ecosystems in six hamlets in the village of Banjaroya, District Kalibawang Yogyakarta. The sampling was carried out by the method of feeding ants using tuna and sugar solution, which is placed on the cacao tree and the ground surface; pit-fall traps; and direct picking by hand. Six sub-family of ants, namely Cerapachynae, Dolichoderinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, and Pseudomyrmicinae were found. Six of the most abundant genera found in each catchment were Dolichoderus sp., Anoplolepis sp., Paratrechina sp., Crematogaster sp., Pheidole sp., and Pheidologeton sp., which is known to be aggressive and invasive. The analysis showed that the diversity of ant communities in the Village Banjaroya categorized as medium (H ‘> 1-3), meaning that the overall state of the ecosystem of the cocoa crop was classified as stable or steady. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis of the dominance index (C) shows that the community of ants in each village tends was tended to be dominated by a single species (C close to 0). The relationship between habitat condition and the diversity of ant was discussed in this article. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman semut pada ekosistem kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) di 6 dusun di Desa Banjaroya, Kecamatan Kalibawang Yogyakarta. Pengambilan sampel semut dilakukan dengan metode pengumpanan menggunakan ikan tuna dan larutan gula yang diletakkan pada pohon kakao dan permukaan tanah; lubang perangkap; dan pemungutan dengan tangan. Enam subfamili semut, yaitu Cerapachynae, Dolichoderinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, dan Pseudomyrmicinae telah ditemukan di lokasi pengambilan sampel. Enam genus yaitu Dolichoderus sp., Anoplolepis sp., Paratrechina sp., Crematogaster sp., Pheidole sp. dan Pheidologeton sp. yang dikenal agresif dan invasif, ditemukan paling melimpah di setiap dusun. Hasil analisis keragaman komunitas semut di Desa Banjaroya menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan keadaan ekosistem pada tanaman kakao masih tergolong stabil atau mantap dikategorikan sebagai medium (H\u27>1-3). Sementara itu, hasil analisis indeks dominasi (C) menunjukkan bahwa komunias semut pada setiap dusun cenderung didominasi oleh satu spesies (C mendekati 0). Hubungan antara kondisi habitat dengan keragaman semut didiskusikan dalam tulisan ini

The Effect of Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxin Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 on the Survival of the Non-Target Pest, Spodoptera Litura

Spodoptera litura is one of the important insect pest of maize besides the notoriously damaging corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. S. litura has been the target of various controls including the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2. This study was conducted to evaluate the acute effect of Bt toxin Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 on the growth and development of S. litura from larval to adult stages. Two sublethal concentrations were used; 0.1875 and 0.0469 ppm for Cry1A.105, and 0.0008 and 0.0003 ppm for Cry2Ab2. The bioassay using diet dipping was carried out on a CRD with three experiments and five repetitions. The observation was carried out on the mortality and survival rates of S. litura. The mortality reached 28% when the larvae were treated with 0.1875 ppm and 20% with 0.0469 ppm of Cry 1A.105. The exposed larvae and pupae were smaller than control. Larval and pupal weight were 117.0 and 165.6 g with 0.1875 ppm, while control were 212.9 and 211.2 g. Cry1A.105 also longer the larval stage, larval stage with higher and lower concentration were 24.5 and 22.3 day, while control was 20.5 day. The resulted pupae from larve which exposed by Cry1A.105 were less than control; there were 40% at concentration 0.1875 ppm and control 61%. The two concentration of Cry2Ab2 produced similar mortality of 20%. Similarly, Cry2Ab2 affected pupal to adult stages development. The longevity of pupal stage with concentration 0.0003 ppm was 9.5 days, followed by 0.0008 ppm (9.1 days) and control (10.1 days). The adult emerge on the highest concentration was 47.4% while control only 34.6%. There results showed that both Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 were detrimental to the survival of S. litura which is the non-target insect of transgenic Bt maize. INTISARI Spodoptera litura merupakan salah satu hama penting yang menyerang tanaman jagung, selain Ostrinia furnacalis. Belakangan ini O. furnacalis diketahui telah menjadi target dari berbagai macam cara pengendalian termasuk penggunaan toksin Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1A.105 dan Cry2Ab2. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek akut toksin Bt Cry1A.105 dan Cry2Ab2 terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan S. litura dari larva sampai imago. Dua konsentrasi subletal yang akan digunakan adalah; 0,1875 dan 0,0469 ppm untuk Cry1A.105, dan 0,0008 dan 0,0003 ppm untuk Cry2Ab2. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode celup pakan dan Rancangan Acak Legkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan lima ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap mortalitas dan kelangsungan hidup S. litura. Mortalitas mencapai 28% pada larva yang dipaparkan dengan 0,1875 ppm dan 20% dengan 0,0469 ppm Cry 1A.105. Larva dan pupa yang terkena toksin berukuran lebih kecil. Berat larva dan pupa yang terpapar toksin dengan konsentrasi 0,1875 ppm, masing – masing 117,0 dan 165,6 g, sedangkan kontrol masing – masing 212,9 dan 211,2 g. Cry1A.105 juga dapat memperpanjang stadia larva. Lama stadia larva dengan konsentrasi tertinggi dan terendah adalah 24,5 dan 22,3 hari, sedangkan kontrol 20,5 hari. Jumlah pupa yang berhasil terbentuk dari larva yang terpapar toxin Cry1A.105 lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kontrol; pada konsentrasi 0,1875 ppm sebesar 40%, sedangkan kontrol sebesar 61%. Kedua konsentrasi dari toksin Bt Cry2Ab2 menyebabkan mortalitas yang sama yaitu 20%. Cry2Ab2 juga berpengaruh terhadap lama stadia pupa dan tingkat keberhasilan pembentukan imago. Lama stadia pupa dengan konsentrasi 0,0003 ppm adalah 9,5 hari, diikuti dengan konsentrasi 0,0008 ppm (9,1 hari) dan kontrol (10,1 hari). Jumlah imago terbanyak terdapat pada perlakuan dengan konsentrasi 0,0008 ppm sebesar 47,4% sedangkan pada kontrol hanya 34,6%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa toksin Bt Cry1A. 105 dan Cry2Ab2 juga berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup S. litura yang merupakan serangga bukan sasaran dari tanaman jagung transgenik Bt

Confirmation That Helopeltis Species Attacking Cacao in YOGYAKARTA is Helopeltis Bradyi Waterhouse, Not Helopeltis Antonii Signoret (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Helopeltis antonii Signort (Heteroptera: Miridae) has long been reported to attack cacao and other host plants in Java. A recently published literature review refuted this idea and offered morphological evidence suggesting that this attacker is actually H. bradyi Waterhouse. However, through the present, local reports still identify attacks as coming from H. antonii. To confirm which of these two species is implicated in cacao damage, we conducted an examination of the external morphology, genitalia and the biology of Helopeltis sampled from infested cacao plants in Yogyakarta. 42 females and 9 males, sampled from 3 different locations, were observed to be morphologically similar to H. bradyi, especially with regard to the pale band on the base of all femora, the knife-shaped male lobal sclerite, and the presence of a ‘Y' shaped junction on the posteriorly fused female genital chamber. The duration of the life stages (in days) of the laboratory-reared insects were: 7−11 (eggs), 12−19 (nymphs), 9−44 (female) and 16−54 (male) d, measurements which fall within the ranges of the parameters usually reported locally for H. antonii, with the exception of male adult life stages which are longer than the aforementioned reports. Morphological changes were observed during all stages of development, including within adult stages. In female adults specifically, external morphology and genital development proceeded continuously until the insects reached the full-grown condition, characterized by stable color, and fully sclerotized genital chamber. Our preliminary study of the morphology and development of lab-reared insects descended from individuals infesting cacao fields, indicated the presence of H. bradyi instead of H. antonii in Yogyakarta, and therefore stipulated a need to review the existence of the latter in Indonesia