The solo style of jazz clarinetist Johnny Dodds: 1923 - 1938

The purpose of this study is to explore the personality, background, influence and playing style of Johnny Dodds (1892-1940), a New Orleans jazz clarinetist. Jazz is an art form that has been passed down aurally for over a hundred years. Although the development of jazz and the performers who played it have been the subject for numerous jazz historians, there are still scant resources available for a musician to learn jazz clarinet style. The ease with which a musician can emulate an early jazz clarinetist depends on the amount of time devoted to listening and emulating whatever recordings are available. This study is an attempt to shorten this learning process by providing a series of transcriptions and analyses that identify and document specific melodic and harmonic traits that form the solo vocabulary of Johnny Dodds. The infusion of blues-playing techniques that Dodds used gave his sound an emotional intensity and expressiveness uniquely his own. As a member of many of the finest New Orleans style jazz bands, he contributed to the early development of the classical New Orleans ensemble-style jazz. The first chapter contains related prefatory material, including a brief history of jazz and its first recordings, an analysis of the difficulty in assessing particular clarinet jazz styles, and the need to provide written study materials for musicians who wish to learn early jazz clarinet styles. It concludes with reasons for picking Johnny Dodds as the subject of this study and brief descriptions of the pieces that will be transcribed. The second chapter focuses on Johnny Dodds. It describes how he grew up, how music and the clarinet became a part of his life, and the social, economic and educational influences that impacted his development as a musician, The third chapter contains examples from the analyses of each of the six recordings noted chapter one. Each analysis contains details showing how Johnny Dodds gave this piece his own stylistic interpretation. The fourth chapter contains a summary of the preceding three chapters. A transcription of the clarinet part from each analysis is contained in the appendix

Zonal rotor study of the subcellular distribution of acyl-CoA synthetases, carnitine acyl transferases and phosphatidate phosphatase in the guinea-pig small intestine.

Homogenates made from the mucosa of the guinea pig small intestine were fractionated in a zonal rotor by rate and isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Density perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum vesicles was done by treating homogenate with pyrophosphate and was analysed by isopyenic centrifugation. Subcellular fractions were analysed for the distribution of markers for brush borders. basolateral plasma membrane. Iysosomes. peroxi. somes. mitochondria. nuclei and endoplasmic reliculum. Fractions werc also analysed for the distribution ofpropionyl-. butyryl-. and palmityl. CoA synthetases. for carnitine acetyl and palmityltransferases. and for phosphatidate phosphatase. Comparison of marker and unknown distributions shows that palmityl- CoA synthetase is located on the endoplasmic reticulum. while propionyl- and butyryl-CoA synthetases and carnitine acetyl and pal. mit)'l transferases are exclusively mitochondrial. I'hosphatidate phosphatase has complex subcellular localisation with activity in brush borders. microsomes (possibly not the endoplasmic reticulum component) and possibly Iysosomes

Subcellular localization of monoglyceride acyltransferase, xanthine oxidation, NADP: isocitrate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in the mucosa of the guinea-pig small intestine.

1. Rate dependent and isopycnic banding in a zonal rotor were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of guinea-pig small intestinal mucosa. 2, The results demonstrate the following localizations: monoglyceride acyltransferase-microsomal; xanthine oxidase and dehydrogenase-soluble phase, and NADP: isocitrate dehydrogenase-soluble phase and mitochondrial. 3, Alkaline phosphatase is confined to brush borders and is absent from the basolateral plasma membrane. A variable proportion of the activity, up to 40%, is on brush borders which during homogenization break up into particles of reduced density and slow sedimentation rate

Intestinal peroxisomes of goldfish (Carrassius auratus) - examination for hydrolase, dehydrogenase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities.

1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa. 2. The results allowed the following allocations to be made: carnitine acetyl transferase-mitochondrial and peroxisomal, xanthine dehydrogenase and NAD: :x-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase soluble phase; NADP: isocitrate dehydrogenase soluble phase and mitochondrial, and 2-naphthyl laurate hydrolase microsomal and/or brush border. 3. Histochemistry confirmed the use of alkaline phosphatase and I-naphthyl acetate esterase as brush border and microsome markers respectively. 4. Urate oxidase, allantoinase, allantoicase, xanthine oxidase and glycollatejlactate oxidase, activities were undetectable, and I-naphthyl palmilale hydrolase was present only as a contaminant from pancreas

Patterns of resistance development with integrase inhibitors in HIV

Raltegravir, the only integrase (IN) inhibitor approved for use in HIV therapy, has recently been licensed. Raltegravir inhibits HIV-1 replication by blocking the IN strand transfer reaction. More than 30 mutations have been associated with resistance to raltegravir and other IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). The majority of the mutations are located in the vicinity of the IN active site within the catalytic core domain which is also the binding pocket for INSTIs. High-level resistance to INSTIs primarily involves three independent mutations at residues Q148, N155, and Y143. The mutations significantly affect replication capacity of the virus and are often accompanied by other mutations that either improve replication fitness and/or increase resistance to the inhibitors. The pattern of development of INSTI resistance mutations has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo. This has been augmented by cell-based phenotypic studies and investigation of the mechanisms of resistance using biochemical assays. The recent elucidation of the structure of the prototype foamy virus IN, which is closely related to HIV-1, in complex with INSTIs has greatly enhanced our understanding of the evolution and mechanisms of IN drug resistance

Collision probabilities in the rarefaction fan of asymmetric exclusion processes

We consider the one-dimensional asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) in which particles jump to the right at rate $p\in(1/2,1]$ and to the left at rate $1-p$, interacting by exclusion. In the initial state there is a finite region such that to the left of this region all sites are occupied and to the right of it all sites are empty. Under this initial state, the hydrodynamical limit of the process converges to the rarefaction fan of the associated Burgers equation. In particular suppose that the initial state has first-class particles to the left of the origin, second-class particles at sites 0 and 1, and holes to the right of site 1. We show that the probability that the two second-class particles eventually collide is $(1+p)/3p$, where a_collision_ occurs when one of the particles attempts to jump over the other. This also corresponds to the probability that two ASEP processes, started from appropriate initial states and coupled using the so-called "basic coupling", eventually reach the same state. We give various other results about the behaviour of second-class particles in the ASEP. In the totally asymmetric case ($p=1$) we explain a further representation in terms of a multi-type particle system, and also use the collision result to derive the probability of coexistence of both clusters in a two-type version of the corner growth model.Comment: 17 pages. This version is substantially rewritten. In particular an error in the statement of one of the results is corrected, the notation is changed, and new results on coexistence probabilities in a multi-type version of the corner growth model are adde