Video1_Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials.MP4

Chiral magnetic skyrmions, localized and topologically protected vortex-like magnetic textures that can be found in chiral magnets, are currently under intense study as an entity for information storage and processing. A recent study showed that so-called rank-one materials can host both skyrmions and antiskyrmions at the same energy. In such systems the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in general a tensorial quantity, is reduced to only one non-zero component. The presence of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions allows for the investigation of the possible interplay between them. Here, we investigate the stability and interaction of skyrmions and antiskyrmions as well as their transport properties subject to spin-orbit torque for a model system described by an atomistic spin-lattice Hamiltonian employing the simulation software Spirit. The spin-orbit torque driven spin-dynamics described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is compared to the effective one of the Thiele equation. We demonstrate that, even though skyrmions and antiskyrmions can be seen as antiparticles, a rather dense arrangement of both along a memory track is possible, enabling their use as representations of the binary data bits “0” and “1” in a memory device.</p

Video2_Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials.MP4

Chiral magnetic skyrmions, localized and topologically protected vortex-like magnetic textures that can be found in chiral magnets, are currently under intense study as an entity for information storage and processing. A recent study showed that so-called rank-one materials can host both skyrmions and antiskyrmions at the same energy. In such systems the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in general a tensorial quantity, is reduced to only one non-zero component. The presence of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions allows for the investigation of the possible interplay between them. Here, we investigate the stability and interaction of skyrmions and antiskyrmions as well as their transport properties subject to spin-orbit torque for a model system described by an atomistic spin-lattice Hamiltonian employing the simulation software Spirit. The spin-orbit torque driven spin-dynamics described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is compared to the effective one of the Thiele equation. We demonstrate that, even though skyrmions and antiskyrmions can be seen as antiparticles, a rather dense arrangement of both along a memory track is possible, enabling their use as representations of the binary data bits “0” and “1” in a memory device.</p

DataSheet1_Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials.pdf

Chiral magnetic skyrmions, localized and topologically protected vortex-like magnetic textures that can be found in chiral magnets, are currently under intense study as an entity for information storage and processing. A recent study showed that so-called rank-one materials can host both skyrmions and antiskyrmions at the same energy. In such systems the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in general a tensorial quantity, is reduced to only one non-zero component. The presence of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions allows for the investigation of the possible interplay between them. Here, we investigate the stability and interaction of skyrmions and antiskyrmions as well as their transport properties subject to spin-orbit torque for a model system described by an atomistic spin-lattice Hamiltonian employing the simulation software Spirit. The spin-orbit torque driven spin-dynamics described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is compared to the effective one of the Thiele equation. We demonstrate that, even though skyrmions and antiskyrmions can be seen as antiparticles, a rather dense arrangement of both along a memory track is possible, enabling their use as representations of the binary data bits “0” and “1” in a memory device.</p

Video3_Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials.MP4

Chiral magnetic skyrmions, localized and topologically protected vortex-like magnetic textures that can be found in chiral magnets, are currently under intense study as an entity for information storage and processing. A recent study showed that so-called rank-one materials can host both skyrmions and antiskyrmions at the same energy. In such systems the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in general a tensorial quantity, is reduced to only one non-zero component. The presence of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions allows for the investigation of the possible interplay between them. Here, we investigate the stability and interaction of skyrmions and antiskyrmions as well as their transport properties subject to spin-orbit torque for a model system described by an atomistic spin-lattice Hamiltonian employing the simulation software Spirit. The spin-orbit torque driven spin-dynamics described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is compared to the effective one of the Thiele equation. We demonstrate that, even though skyrmions and antiskyrmions can be seen as antiparticles, a rather dense arrangement of both along a memory track is possible, enabling their use as representations of the binary data bits “0” and “1” in a memory device.</p

Video6_Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials.MP4

Chiral magnetic skyrmions, localized and topologically protected vortex-like magnetic textures that can be found in chiral magnets, are currently under intense study as an entity for information storage and processing. A recent study showed that so-called rank-one materials can host both skyrmions and antiskyrmions at the same energy. In such systems the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in general a tensorial quantity, is reduced to only one non-zero component. The presence of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions allows for the investigation of the possible interplay between them. Here, we investigate the stability and interaction of skyrmions and antiskyrmions as well as their transport properties subject to spin-orbit torque for a model system described by an atomistic spin-lattice Hamiltonian employing the simulation software Spirit. The spin-orbit torque driven spin-dynamics described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is compared to the effective one of the Thiele equation. We demonstrate that, even though skyrmions and antiskyrmions can be seen as antiparticles, a rather dense arrangement of both along a memory track is possible, enabling their use as representations of the binary data bits “0” and “1” in a memory device.</p

Video5_Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials.MP4

Chiral magnetic skyrmions, localized and topologically protected vortex-like magnetic textures that can be found in chiral magnets, are currently under intense study as an entity for information storage and processing. A recent study showed that so-called rank-one materials can host both skyrmions and antiskyrmions at the same energy. In such systems the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in general a tensorial quantity, is reduced to only one non-zero component. The presence of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions allows for the investigation of the possible interplay between them. Here, we investigate the stability and interaction of skyrmions and antiskyrmions as well as their transport properties subject to spin-orbit torque for a model system described by an atomistic spin-lattice Hamiltonian employing the simulation software Spirit. The spin-orbit torque driven spin-dynamics described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is compared to the effective one of the Thiele equation. We demonstrate that, even though skyrmions and antiskyrmions can be seen as antiparticles, a rather dense arrangement of both along a memory track is possible, enabling their use as representations of the binary data bits “0” and “1” in a memory device.</p

Video4_Skyrmion-Antiskyrmion Racetrack Memory in Rank-One DMI Materials.MP4

Chiral magnetic skyrmions, localized and topologically protected vortex-like magnetic textures that can be found in chiral magnets, are currently under intense study as an entity for information storage and processing. A recent study showed that so-called rank-one materials can host both skyrmions and antiskyrmions at the same energy. In such systems the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in general a tensorial quantity, is reduced to only one non-zero component. The presence of both skyrmions and antiskyrmions allows for the investigation of the possible interplay between them. Here, we investigate the stability and interaction of skyrmions and antiskyrmions as well as their transport properties subject to spin-orbit torque for a model system described by an atomistic spin-lattice Hamiltonian employing the simulation software Spirit. The spin-orbit torque driven spin-dynamics described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation is compared to the effective one of the Thiele equation. We demonstrate that, even though skyrmions and antiskyrmions can be seen as antiparticles, a rather dense arrangement of both along a memory track is possible, enabling their use as representations of the binary data bits “0” and “1” in a memory device.</p

Dynamics of Excited-State Conformational Relaxation and Electronic Delocalization in Conjugated Porphyrin Oligomers

We have investigated the influence of nuclear geometric relaxation on the extent of the excited-state electronic delocalization in conjugated zinc porphyrin oligomers using ultrafast transient photoluminescence spectroscopy. By use of metal-coordinating templates that force the oligomers into specific geometries in solution we are able to distinguish clearly between relaxation effects arising from the two vibrational modes that preferentially couple to the electronic transitions in such materials, i.e., carbon−carbon bond stretches and inter-ring torsions. We find that light absorption generates an excited state that is initially strongly delocalized along the oligomer but contracts rapidly following vibrational relaxation of the nuclei along C−C stretch coordinates on the subpicosecond time scale. We are able to monitor such excitonic self-trapping effects by observing the extent to which the concomitant ultrafast rotation of the transition dipole moment is found to correlate with the degree of bending induced in the molecular backbone. We further demonstrate that interporphyrin torsional relaxation leads to a subsequent increase in the excited-state electronic delocalization on a longer time scale (∼100 ps). Such dynamic planarization of the molecular backbone is evident from the time-dependent increase in the overall emission intensity and red-shift in the peak emission energy that can be observed for wormlike flexible porphyrin octamers but not for torsionally rigidified cyclic or double-strand octamer complexes. These results therefore indicate that, following excitation, the initially highly delocalized excited-state wave function first contracts and then expands again along the conjugated backbone in accordance with the time periods for the vibrational modes coupled to the electronic transition

Overview on the chemical substances/inhibitors used in this study and their mode of action.

Overview on the chemical substances/inhibitors used in this study and their mode of action.</p

Filovirus glycoproteins and distribution of fruit bats believed to serve as natural reservoir.

<p>(A) Phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid (aa) sequences of the glycoproteins (GP) of different filoviruses was generated using MEGA 6 (version 6.06). Viruses from which GPs were examined in the present study are written in bold. Viruses were named as follows: Filovirus species (abbreviation)/Country where the sample specimen originates from (abbreviation)/year of sampling/isolate-specific name (if available). In addition to GPs from viruses that have caused infection in humans and non-human primates, GP sequences of one Reston virus from a pig (diamond), as well as four Marburg virus-related and two Ravn virus-related GP sequences from bats (circles) were included. Construction of the tree was performed by the neighbor joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replications, using the MEGA 6 software (version 6.06). Small numbers at the nodes and the scale bar indicate bootstrap values and the number of aa substitutions per site, respectively. GenBank accession numbers for all GPs are given in brackets after the virus name. (B) Schematic drawing of the wildtype (wt) Ebola virus (EBOV) GP and EBOV-GP mutants lacking the mucin-like domain and the furin cleavage site. (Abbreviations: SP = signal peptide; RBD = receptor binding domain; FP = internal fusion peptide; HR1/2 = heptad repeat 1/2; TD = transmembrane domain). (C) Maps of the distribution of the four different fruit bat species from which the cell lines used in this study originated: <i>Rousettus aegyptiacus</i> (RoNi/7), <i>Hypsignathus monstrosus</i> (HypNi/1.1), <i>Eidolon helvum</i> (EidNi/41), <i>and Epomops buettikoferi</i> (EpoNi/22.1). The data on the bat distribution have been obtained from <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank">www.iucnredlist.org</a> [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149651#pone.0149651.ref056" target="_blank">56</a>].</p