Barriers to psychological help-seeking in young men who have attempted suicide : an interpretative phenomenological analysis

The current paper reviews literature on help-seeking in relation to suicide and attempted suicide. An overview of the extensive research into risk factors associated with suicide is given highlighting the link between mental health problems and suicide. A minority of people with mental health problems seek professional help and even fewer people will go on to receive help from specialist mental health services. The same pattern is seen in those at risk of suicide. The majority will not be receiving specialist support at the time of their death although about half will have had recent contact with their GP. Reasons for not seeking help in times of emotional distress are discussed. Finally, clinical implications arising from the literature are addressed and suggestions are made for future research

Spectrograms illustrating the acoustic structure of the four call types.

<p>Long Common Roar (a), Long Common Roar with deterministic chaos (b), Short Common Roar (c) and series of Chase Barks (d).</p

Comparison of acoustic variables between the four call types identified in the automated cluster analysis.

<p>Estimated marginal means ± SE, F and <i>p</i> values for all the measured variables across the four call types. LCR: Long Common Roar, LCRDC: Long common roars with deterministic chaos; SCR: Short Common Roar; CB: Chase Bark.</p

Cluster tree and silhouette plot.

<p>Cluster analysis was used to detect the presence of relatively homogeneous groups of calls. Silhouette Information was computed as a method of cluster interpretation and validation; the highest average silhouette classification score (0.62) was achieved by a four-groups solution based on DC, duration and maximum fundamental frequencies as input variables.</p

Comparison of source-related acoustic characteristics between Long Common Roars (n = 87) and Short Common Roars (n = 57).

<p>Estimated marginal means ± SE, F and <i>p</i> values for Duration, source-related variables and relative intensity (dB) across LCR and SCR in the subset of calls recorded at shorter distances. LCR: Long Common Roar, SCR: Short Common Roar.</p

Extraction of the minimum frequency of individual formants in a Iberian deer roar.

<p>A spectrum was computed on the section of the spectrogram where individual formants reach their lowest frequencies. Cepstral smoothing was applied to the spectrum in order to remove the periodicity of the source (F0), thereby highlighting the effect of the filter.</p

Box plots illustrating variation of the acoustic variables between call types.

<p>LCR: Long Common Roar; LCR_DC: Long Common Roar with deterministic chaos; SCR: Short Common Roar; CB: Chase Bark.</p

Structure matrix of the discriminant function analysis characterizing individual differences.

<p>Discriminant function analysis based on duration, source (F0) and filter (formants) variables. The covariance coefficients represent the contribution of each variable to the discrimination of the different individuals. Unsigned coefficients <0.2 are not represented. Unsigned coefficients >0.6 are bolded.</p

Distribution of call types as a function of position within bouts.

<p>The most frequent position for each call type is highlighted in bold. LCR: Long Common Roar, LCRDC: Long common roars with deterministic chaos; SCR: Short Common Roar; CB: Chase Bark.</p

List of acoustic variables used in the cluster analysis.

<p>List of acoustic variables used in the cluster analysis.</p