Intervention empowerment of families in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity in children: A systematic review

There have been an increasing overweight and obesity in very anxious children. Furthermore, obesity is a condition that occurs due to the accumulation of excess or abnormal fat. This disorder is believed to be the most significant public health problem that affects children in the 21st century. This study aimed to examine the literature review, articles and research results analyzing the effectiveness of family or parent empowerment interventions through health education. Many research articles were searched on several databases such as PubMed and PreQuest, using the following keywords which include "family empowerment", "overweight", "obesity", "health lifestyle", "BMI", "children", "RCT" starting from 2014 to 2019. The searched results obtained 162 articles on family empowerment, overweight and obesity. Out of the 162 articles, 20 were selected that discussed family empowerment interventions for overweight and obesity. Critical analysis of the 20 articles was carried out based on design, sample, treatment, parameters, findings and conclusions. The literature review analysis showed that family empowerment interventions in the form of health education or promotion activities vary widely in terms of methods, components, duration, individuals involved, specificity and effectiveness. Furthermore, this intervention consists of training activities, courses, and teaching practices. Statistical analysis showed that all these methods significantly increased the ability and independence of the family in controlling overweight and obesity. In conclusion, health education interventions that are packaged in various programs are proven to significantly improve the ability of families or parents in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity in children

STUDY LITERATURE: BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW IN IMPROVING CHILDREN'S CONCENTRATION

Concentration is very important and needed for children in following the learning process. learning concentration can be seen from an increase in the presence of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters function as chemical messengers that play an important role in information processing throughout the nervous system. The purpose of this research is to describe the Literature Study: A Biopsychological Review in Improving Children's Concentration. This research uses library research with a qualitative descriptive approach. Based on the results of the review of 25 (twenty-five) journals examined by the author, there are various effectiveness of neurotransmitter performance involved in various brain functions, such as sleep, mood, emotion, attention, and learning and memory. The conclusions of this study include: 1) Neurotransmitter metabolites include biogenic amines (catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine and serotonin) and amino acids (glycine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA]), 2) Serotonin is useful for neurotransmitters and concentration, 3) Neurotransmitters including acetylcholine play an important role in the development of brain nerve structures and cells. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the first identified cholinergic neurotransmitter, and changes in its content can fully reflect the growth and development of the body as well as learning ability and memory, 4) Students who are able to concentrate during lessons will have higher memory and easily understand what is learned and 5) The researcher suggests that future studies examine the effect of one of the various types of neurotransmitters on children's concentration and motivation to learn