Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal Nitrogen Influences on the Accumulation of Flavonoids and Amino Acids in Young Shoots of Tea Plant (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> L.) Associated with Tea Flavor

Tea-specialized metabolites contribute to rich flavors and healthy function of tea. Their accumulation patterns and underlying regulatory mechanism are significantly different under different nitrogen (N) conditions during adaptation stage. Here, we find that flavonoids associated with tea flavor are dominated by different metabolic and transcriptional responses among the four N conditions (N-deficiency, nitrate, ammonia, and nitric oxide). Nitrogen-deficiency tea plants accumulate diverse flavonoids, corresponding with higher expression of hub genes including F3H, FNS, UFGT, bHLH35, and bHLH36. Compared with N-deficiency, N-supply tea plants significantly increase proline, glutamine, and theanine, which are also associated with tea flavor, especially under NH4+-supply. As NH4+-tolerant species, tea plant exploits the adaptive strategy by substantial accumulation of amino acids including theanine to adapt excess NH4+, which attributes to, at least in part, efficient N transport and assimilation, and active protein degradation. A distinct divergence of N reallocation in young shoots of tea plant under different N sources contributes to diverse tea flavor

Comparison of the electromagnetic force between the calculations results with the experimental results at different working air gap between the outer armature and the iron core.

Comparison of the electromagnetic force between the calculations results with the experimental results at different working air gap between the outer armature and the iron core.</p

The effect of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.

The effect of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.</p

Fig 3 -

The experimental equipment (A) Schematic graph: 1-frame; 2-adjusting handwheel; 3-unfixed joint; 4-tension sensor; 5-displacement sensor (B) Photo.</p

Equivalent magnetic circuit of electromagnet with variable pole area.

Equivalent magnetic circuit of electromagnet with variable pole area.</p

The effect of working air gap on the tested electromagnetic forces of electromagnet with variable pole area and planar pole electromagnet.

The effect of working air gap on the tested electromagnetic forces of electromagnet with variable pole area and planar pole electromagnet.</p

The parameters of electromagnet prototype with variable pole area.

The parameters of electromagnet prototype with variable pole area.</p

The influence of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.

The influence of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.</p

Cross-sectional scheme of electromagnetic diaphragm pump with electromagnet with variable pole area.

1- pump body; 2-single-direction valve; 3-diaphragm; 4-spring; 5-electromagnetic coil; 6-ejector pin; 7-the iron core; 8-magnetic isolation ring; 9-the inner armature; 10-the outer armature; 11-sleeve.</p