Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal expression of lipid metabolism-related genes protein levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Representative Western blot results (A) and graphic presentation showed renal protein expression of rPPAR-α (B), rCPT1 (C), rACC2 (D), p-rACC2 (E) and rOCTN2 (F) in different groups of rats as indicated. Relative protein levels of rPPAR-α, rCPT1 and rACC2 were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The relative renal BBMV rOCTN2 protein levels were normalized to rNa⁺-K⁺-ATPase. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.01, ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

The primers used for Real-Time PCR.

<p>The primers used for Real-Time PCR.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol inhibit renal NALP3 inflammasome activation in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Representative Western blot results (A) and graphic presentation showed renal protein expression of rNALP3 (B), rASC (C) and rCaspase-1 (D) in different groups of rats as indicated. Relative protein levels of rNALP3, rASC and rCaspase-1 were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. For rCaspase-1, the active subunit of P20 was detected. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺<i>P</i><0.05, ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control. Graphic presentation of renal mRNA levels by real-time PCR analysis of rNALP3 (E), rASC (F) and rCaspase-1 (G) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The relative mRNA levels were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control. Representative Western blot results (H) and graphic presentation showed renal maturation ratio of IL-1β (I) and IL-18 (J) in different groups of rats as indicated. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺<i>P</i><0.05, ⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.01 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol restore streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperuricemia and kidney dysfunction in rats.

<p>Biochemical analyses showed uric acid (A-C), creatinine (D-F) and urea nitrogen (G-I) levels in serum and urine, as well as their clearance rates at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 8). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal mRNA levels of lipid metabolism-related genes in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Graphic presentation of renal mRNA levels by real-time PCR analysis of rPPAR-α (A), rCPT1 (B), rACC2 (C) and rOCTN2 (D) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The relative mRNA levels were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol attenuate inflammation in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>HE stain (A) analyses showed inflammatory cell infiltration and PAS-D stain (B) analyses showed kidney structures in different groups of rats. Normal control (a), STZ alone (b), STZ plus 100 mg/kg quercetin (c), STZ plus 50 mg/kg quercetin (d), STZ plus 25 mg/kg quercetin (e) and STZ plus 10 mg/kg allopurinol (f); Bar = 50 µm in Fig. 9Aa and Bar = 15 µm in Fig. 9Ba. Biochemical analyses showed serum and kidney levels of IL-1β (C, E) and IL-18 (D, F) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 8). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol restore basic characteristics of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 8). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; ^*<i>P</i><0.05, ^**<i>P</i><0.01, ^***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal urate transport-related proteins mRNA in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Graphic presentation of renal mRNA levels by real-time PCR analysis of rOAT1 (A), rOAT3 (B), rUAT (C), rGLUT9 (D) and rRST (E) in different groups of rats as indicated. The relative mRNA levels were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The data are expressed as the means±SEM (n = 3–4).⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.01, ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal L-carnitine levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Biochemical analyses showed L-carnitine levels in serum (A) and urine (B) and kidney (C) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 8). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal urate transport-related proteins in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Representative Western blot results (A) and graphic presentation showed renal protein expression of rOAT1 (B), rOAT3 (C), rUAT (D), rGLUT9 (E) and rRST (F) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The relative protein levels of rOAT1, rOAT3, rUAT and rGLUT9 were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The relative BBMV rRST protein levels were normalized to rNa⁺-K⁺-ATPase. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.01, ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p