De la petite à la grande patrie, la question de l'identification chez les élèves Yi et Han dans la préfecture des Yi de Liangshan (Sichuan): Asymétrie identitaire et effets de contexte

International audienceThe government of the PRC has led the project of identification and institutionalization of its people in different "ethnic groups" (minzu) during the 1950s. Under this political context, this article concerns the double identification of the ethnic minority (shaoshuminzu) Yi of Liangshan : as member of the Chinese nation and as member of an ethnic minority. Taking support on a survey in the form of questionnaire addressing to students Han/ Yi in several schools in Liangshan, we aim to measure the context effect, linking to the degree of ethnic coeducation, on the auto-identification of these students. Overall, Yi's integration in the chinese society is obvious. However, the degree of ethnic coeducation in the different schools plays a part in the mutual representations (Han and Yi) and comes with a variable symmetry of those representations in the process of mutual gratitude.En Chine, les autorités ont mené le projet d'identification et d'institutionnalisation de la population en différents " groupes ethniques " (minzu) dans les années 1950. Dans le contexte politique des débuts de la République populaire de Chine, cet article porte sur l'enjeu de la double identification d'une ethnie minoritaire (shaoshuminzu), celle des Yi de Liangshan : à la fois membres de la nation chinoise et membres d'une ethnie minoritaire. Prenant appui sur une enquête sous forme de questionnaire menée auprès des élèves Han/Yi de plusieurs établissements à Liangshan, nous cherchons à mesurer l'effet de contexte, lié au degré de mixité ethnique, sur l'auto-identification de la part de ces élèves. Globalement, l'intégration des Yi dans la société chinoise est manifeste. Toutefois, le degré de mixité ethnique des différents établissements joue un rôle dans les représentations des uns et des autres (Han et Yi) et s'accompagne d'une symétrie variable de ces représentations dans le processus de reconnaissance mutuelle

The phenotypic expression of QTLs for partial resistance to barley leaf rust during plant development

Partial resistance is generally considered to be a durable form of resistance. In barley, Rphq2, Rphq3 and Rphq4 have been identified as consistent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for partial resistance to the barley leaf rust pathogen Puccinia hordei. These QTLs have been incorporated separately into the susceptible L94 and the partially resistant Vada barley genetic backgrounds to obtain two sets of near isogenic lines (NILs). Previous studies have shown that these QTLs are not effective at conferring disease resistance in all stages of plant development. In the present study, the two sets of QTL–NILs and the two recurrent parents, L94 and Vada, were evaluated for resistance to P. hordei isolate 1.2.1 simultaneously under greenhouse conditions from the first leaf to the flag leaf stage. Effect of the QTLs on resistance was measured by development rate of the pathogen, expressed as latency period (LP). The data show that Rphq2 prolongs LP at the seedling stage (the first and second leaf stages) but has almost no effect on disease resistance in adult plants. Rphq4 showed no effect on LP until the third leaf stage, whereas Rphq3 is consistently effective at prolonging LP from the first leaf to the flag leaf. The changes in the effectiveness of Rphq2 and Rphq4 happen at the barley tillering stage (the third to fourth leaf stages). These results indicate that multiple disease evaluations of a single plant by repeated inoculations of the fourth leaf to the flag leaf should be conducted to precisely estimate the effect of Rphq4. The present study confirms and describes in detail the plant development-dependent effectiveness of partial resistance genes and, consequently, will enable a more precise evaluation of partial resistance regulation during barley developmen

Groundwater Entrepreneurs in China: Selling Water to Meet the Demand for Water

The overall goal of our paper is to better understand the development of groundwater markets in northern China. In particular, we focus on the factors that determine the development of groundwater markets in our attempt to explain their 'breadth' and 'depth.' Based on a survey of 24 randomly sampled villages and 50 randomly sampled tubewells in two provinces (Hebei and Henan Province) in 2001 and a field survey of 68 randomly sampled villages in 4 provinces (Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi) of northern China in 2004, our results show that groundwater markets in northern China have emerged and are developing rapidly. Our results show that groundwater markets in northern China are informal and localized. The markets have developed in a way in which they appear somewhat similar to markets that are found in South Asia. However, groundwater markets differ from markets in South Asia in other ways -- water sellers discriminate in pricing and they almost always work on a spot-market, cash basis (that is, there are no share or labor sharing arrangements as found in South Asia). Econometric results show that the privatization of tubewells is one of the most important driving factors that encourage the development of groundwater markets. Increasing water and land scarcity are also major determinants that induce the development of groundwater markets

Mathematical modelling and experimental validation of electrostatic sensors for rotational speed measurement

Recent research has demonstrated that electrostatic sensors can be applied to the measurement of rotational speed with excellent repeatability and accuracy under a range of conditions. However, the sensing mechanism and fundamental characteristics of the electrostatic sensors are still largely unknown and hence the design of the sensors is not optimised for rotational speed measurement. This paper presents the mathematical modelling of strip electrostatic sensors for rotational speed measurement and associated experimental studies for the validation of the modelling results. In the modelling, an ideal point charge on the surface of the rotating object is regarded as an impulse input to the sensing system. The fundamental characteristics of the sensor, including spatial sensitivity, spatial filtering length and signal bandwidth, are quantified from the developed model. The effects of the geometric dimensions of the electrode, the distance between the electrode and the rotor surface and the rotational speed being measured on the performance of the sensor are analyzed. A close agreement between the modelling results and experimental measurements has been observed under a range of conditions. Optimal design of the electrostatic sensor for a given rotor size is suggested and discussed in accordance with the modelling and experimental results