Model outcomes for average number of days that the university will remain open, costs, Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER).

Model outcomes for average number of days that the university will remain open, costs, Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER).</p

Total costs and probabilities used as model inputs for estimating the cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve infection control for Covid-19 in a university setting with 16,000 students and 4,500 employees on campus during a 90-day semester.

Total costs and probabilities used as model inputs for estimating the cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve infection control for Covid-19 in a university setting with 16,000 students and 4,500 employees on campus during a 90-day semester.</p

Efficiency frontier curve for cost-effectiveness of strategies for the prevention of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in universities.

The efficiency frontier curve presents the incremental cost of each intervention under study in constant 2020 US dollars relative to the change in effectiveness as measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Each intervention is paired with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Each strategy is represented by a dot in a consistent greyscale, with the CDC guidelines in black and the multi-component “package” intervention in the lightest gray. Note: CDC guidelines = the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for preventing the transmission of COVID-19 in a university setting. The “package” intervention combines the CDC guidelines with using the symptom-checking mobile application, standardized masks, gateway PCR testing, and weekly PCR testing.</p

Graphical representation of the states of disease pathways.

Graphical representation of the states of disease pathways.</p

Major assumptions used in modeling the cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve infection control for COVID-19 in the university setting.

Major assumptions used in modeling the cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve infection control for COVID-19 in the university setting.</p

Multi-way sensitivity analysis identifying the most cost-effective intervention at different values of the number of close contacts between students on campus, the transmission rate per close student contact, and willingness-to-pay at a 2% prevalence of actively infectious cases in the community.

Multi-way sensitivity analysis identifying the most cost-effective intervention at different values of the number of close contacts between students on campus, the transmission rate per close student contact, and willingness-to-pay at a 2% prevalence of actively infectious cases in the community.</p

S1 Appendix -

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Simulated annual number of CVD events prevented by salt restriction strategies by hypertension status.

Simulated annual number of CVD events prevented by salt restriction strategies by hypertension status.</p

Main assumptions for the effect of salt intervention and CVD treatment costs, the CVD Policy Model-China.

<p>Main assumptions for the effect of salt intervention and CVD treatment costs, the CVD Policy Model-China.</p

Annual benefits of CVD prevention projected for salt intake interventions by region in China.

<p>Bars represent the main simulation point estimate. I bars indicate 95% uncertainty intervals of the gained benefit among the overall population from 1 000 probabilistic simulations. CVD, cardiovascular disease; Int$, international dollars; QALY, quality-adjusted life years.</p