Two eyes with intraoperative RK incision dehiscence.

<p>(A) RK wound dehiscence occurred during the process of phacoemulsification. (B) RK wound dehiscence occurred during the process of perfusion aspiration.</p

The different sizes of clear corneal incisions for phacoemulsification in eyes with the different RK incisions.

<p>(A) The 3.2mm clear corneal incisions in eye with 8 incisions. (B) The 3.2mm clear corneal incisions in eye with 12 incisions. (C) The 3.2mm clear corneal incisions in eye with 16 incisions. (D) The 3.0mm clear corneal incisions in eye with 8 incisions. (E) The 2.2mm clear corneal incisions in eye with 12 incisions. (F) The 2.0mm clear corneal incisions in eye with 16 incisions.</p

Space between two neighboring RK incisions at the cornea limbus (mm).

<p>Space between two neighboring RK incisions at the cornea limbus (mm).</p

The results of the spherical equivalent and the error between postoperative spherical equivalent and the calculated target refraction by the SRK-T formula and HOFFER-Q modified formula.

<p>The results of the spherical equivalent and the error between postoperative spherical equivalent and the calculated target refraction by the SRK-T formula and HOFFER-Q modified formula.</p

The result of comparing to pre- and post-operative vision, astigmatism, and corneal endothelial cell density of 30 eyes.

<p>The result of comparing to pre- and post-operative vision, astigmatism, and corneal endothelial cell density of 30 eyes.</p

The independent sample t test of pre- and post-operative vision, astigmatism, and corneal endothelial cell density stratified by different corneal incision size in 8 cuts group.

<p>The independent sample t test of pre- and post-operative vision, astigmatism, and corneal endothelial cell density stratified by different corneal incision size in 8 cuts group.</p

Effects of Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang and Its Modified Formula on the Modulation of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Processing in Alzheimer's Disease Models

<div><p>Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) is a famous traditional Chinese herbal formula that has been widely used clinically to treat cerebral ischemia. Recently, we found that berberine, a major alkaloid compound in HLJDT, reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model. In this study, we compared the effects of HLJDT, four single component herbs of HLJDT (Rhizoma coptidis (RC), Radix scutellariae (RS), Cortex phellodendri (CP) and Fructus gardenia (FG)) and the modified formula of HLJDT (HLJDT-M, which is free of RS) on the regulatory processing of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) in an <i>in vitro</i> model of AD. Here we show that treatment with HLJDT-M and its components RC, CP, and the main compound berberine on N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells stably expressing human APP with the Swedish mutation (N2a-SwedAPP) significantly decreased the levels of full-length APP, phosphorylated APP at threonine 668, C-terminal fragments of APP, soluble APP (sAPP)-α and sAPPβ-Swedish and reduced the generation of Aβ peptide in the cell lysates of N2a-SwedAPP. HLJDT-M showed more significant APP- and Aβ- reducing effects than berberine, RC or CP treatment alone. In contrast, HLJDT, its component RS and the main active compound of RS, baicalein, strongly increased the levels of all the metabolic products of APP in the cell lysates. The extract from FG, however, did not influence APP modulation. Interestingly, regular treatment of TgCRND8 APP transgenic mice with baicalein exacerbated the amyloid plaque burden, APP metabolism and Aβ production. Taken together, these data provide convincing evidence that HLJDT and baicalein treatment can increase the amyloidogenic metabolism of APP which is at least partly responsible for the baicalein-mediated Aβ plaque increase in the brains of TgCRND8 mice. On the other hand, HLJDT-M significantly decreased all the APP metabolic products including Aβ. Further study of HLJDT-M for therapeutic use in treating AD is warranted.</p></div

Extracts of HLJDT constituent herbs alter the processing of APP in N2a-SwedAPP cells.

<p>Conditioned medium and cell lysates were prepared from N2a-SwedAPP cells that were treated with (A) RC, (B) CP, (C) FG or (D) RS at various doses as indicated for 48 h. Western blotting was used to detect sAPPα and sAPPβ-sw in conditioned medium, and to detect Fl-APP, pAPPThr668 and β-actin in cell lysates. Bars represent mean±S.E.M. for three experiments. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences due to treatment at various doses of components of HLJDT: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.</p

Selected components of Huang-Liang-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT).

<p>A. Chemical structures of main compounds of Huang-Liang-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT). B. Quality analysis of HLJDT (at 245 nm) (A); Fructus gardeniae (FG) (at 245 nm) (B); Rhizoma coptidis (FG) (at 275 nm) (C); Radix scutellariae (RS) (at 275 nm) (D); Cortex phellodendri (CP) (at 275 nm) (E). Peaks of these compounds are shown: 1. Geniposide; 2. Berberine; 3. Palmatine; 4. Baicalein; 5. Baicalin; 6. Wogonin.</p

Modulation of APP processing by HLJDT and HLJDT-M in N2a-SwedAPPcells.

<p>Conditioned medium and cell lysates were prepared from N2a-SwedAPP cells that were treated with (A) HLJDT or (B) HLJDT-M at various doses as indicated for 48 h. Western blotting was used to detect sAPPα and sAPPβ-sw in conditioned medium, and to detect Fl-APP, pAPPThr668, CTFs and β-actin in cell lysates. Bars represent mean±S.E.M. for three experiments. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences due to treatment at various doses of HLJDT or HLJDT-M: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.</p